成本计算

The actual cost incurred by them, additionally, on Bitumen, based on prices published by ICTAD or

按建筑培训与发展协会公布的沥青价格计算，实际增加的沥青成本，或

This paper analyses the homogenous tendency of open-end fund at first,pointing out that unperfect development of market and investors' immature investment opinions is the origin of such phenomena. Secondly,having compared the fund sizes and purchase fee rates of 25 open-end funds in China,conclude that there are problems of diseconomy of scale and indistinctive relativity between fees and achievement in Chinese open-end funds. Then this paper introduces benefit and cost function to analyze the problem of lack of motivation and constrain mechanism towards fund managers because of unreasonable fees in China. Thirdly,this paper analyze funds managers' normal hazards by static game model,and then points out fund managers have serious tunneling behaviors in Chinese open-end fund industry. In the end,this paper analyzes the causes of liquidity risk of open-end fun and the particularity of liquidity risk of open-end fund in China,and concludes that liquidity risk in Chinese open-end fund industry is higher through calculating the rates of share change and comparing the portfolio selections of top 20 open-end funds in China.

本文首先分析了我国目前存在的基金产品同质化现象，指出市场发展的不完善以及投资者投资理念的不成熟是同质化的根源所在；其次对比了我国现有的25只开放式基金的规模和申购费率，得出了我国开放式基金存在着规模效应不明显以及基金业绩与费率相关性不强的问题，并引入效益函数和成本函数分析了由于我国开放式基金费率不合理引发的基金管理者激励约束机制缺失的问题；再次，应用静态博弈模型分析了基金管理人面临的道德风险，指出目前我国开放式基金由于监管机制脆弱而存在着较为严重的管理者利益输送行为；最后，分析了开放式基金流动性风险的形成原因以及我国基金市场流动性风险的特殊性，并通过计算目前我国基金资产规模前20位的开放式基金的份额变动率以及比较它们的投资组合结构，得出了目前我国开放式基金流动性风险偏大的结论。

Check, calculate and update item cost of inventory, responsible also for inventory valuation and variance analysis.

负责库存成本的审核、计算和更新，执行库存的估价和差异分析。

As a kind of optimization method, The Lagrange multiplier method is discussed in this paper.

本文首次提出了一个新的发电机无功功率生产成本的计算方法。

Your landscaper should be able to calculate the total cost of all materials, hardware, plants and labor, within a given range.

您的庭园设计应能计算出的所有材料，硬件，设备和劳动力成本，在特定的范围。

In this paper the thermal system of a 200MW power plant is analyzed adopting LIFO model and Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics .

该文利用热经济学的先进后出LIFO模式和结构理论的数学方法，对200MW机组的热力系统进行了分析，实际计算了热力过程的成本形成和分布情况。

Go deep into analysis the investigated result which of the transport requirement research and price scheme research with light-rail line 2 in Chongqing. At the same time, forecast the transportation flow and cost in line 2. Finally, receive some correlation data for establishing the fare.

根据不同的定价目的建立了边际成本定价模型、考虑公司盈亏平衡的定价模型以及最大化社会效益的定价模型等多个票价模型，并通过模型计算制定出轻轨二号线票价建议方案。

And an algorithm of mining association rules with lower bound constraint is presented, which based on FP-Tree.

最后提出了基于FP-Tree的下界约束算法，采用了预先测试的方法，降低了需要测试项集的数量和计算成本。

Pass pair of modular forging cost form, the computation of business accounting and profit and loss, combine specific example, elaborated each element to reach value to the influence of business economic benefits.

通过对模锻件成本的构成、核算及盈亏的计算，结合具体实例，阐述了各因素对企业经济效益的影响及重要性。

According to the presumption of rational economic person, policy lagging reasons include: the self-interested body of policy as well as its cost-income calculation; being unequal and nonidentical in need of policy; resort to certain channels that providing policy; decision-makers' finitary rationality.

从理性经济人假定出发，政策滞后的原因包括政策主体的自利性及其成本—收益计算；政策需求的非均质、非同一性；政策供给的路径依赖与决策者的有限理性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。