成本

In classical economics and new classical economics, an enterprise is one of components of market and has apriority as an organization, so they do not discuss its economic character but focus on its actions of business management, like its production function and its extension, and the cost theory is suited to them.

在西方古典经济学与新古典经济学里，企业是市场的构成要素，作为一种组织具有先验性，因此，它们并不考虑组织本身的经济意义，而集中探讨企业的生产经营活动，即生产函数及其拓展，其成本理论也是与生产函数相匹配的成本函数的研究。

Through the investigation into the inventory and transportation cost of Jinsha pharmacy, the article proposed the calculation formulas of the optimum purchase sum. By using step-by-step planning thoughts, the articled put forward the planning ideas on how to build perfect outlets net in Hunan province. Simultaneously, it optimized

通过对金沙大药房的存货持有成本和运输成本进行研究，提出了金沙大药房的最优药品采购金额的计算公式，运用分层规划思想，给出了金沙大药房在湖南境内如何建立完善的经营网点的规划思路，同时，对金沙大药房市区内药品配送路径进行了优化，得到最短路径，并通过实例予以验证

Especially in new manufacturing environment, many artificialness have been already replaced by machine, and the comparison that direct cost of labor has greatly reduce, but the comparison of fix manufacturing expense shares total cost has significantly exaltation .

特别是在当今新的制造环境下，许多人工已被机器取代，直接人工成本所占比例大为减少，而固定制造费用占总成本之比例却大幅度提高。

Cost Estimating was defined as The process of assembling and predicting the COSTS of a PROJECT.

这同原来的PMBOKTM 对成本估算所定义的是对一个项目成本的组合和预计的方法。

Further, we use return on equity to measure corporate performance and the management expense ratio and the asset turnover ratio to measure agency costs.

我们构建了公司治理指数用来衡量公司治理结构，用自由现金流来衡量债券融资对经理过度消费等行为的约束，用主营业务利润率来衡量公司经营绩效，用管理费用率和资产周转率来衡量公司代理成本，结果显示公司债券融资对公司治理结构、自由现金流和公司绩效影响不显著，但与公司的代理成本为显著正相关，也就是说目前我国公司债券融资还不能发挥债权治理的功能。

E. the law of regional differentiation, the unbalance law of the development of economy and society and the assimilative law of the development of economy and society.

说明了自然区位对城郊经济既有宏观影响，又有微观影响，阐明了环城区位中的区位成本和土地成本。

At the peak of efficiency, the marginal cost of production equals the average cost of production.

在效率的峰值点，生产的边际成本等于生产的平均成本。

Proposition 2.2: In the process of technology transferring, the authorizer and the one been authorized only care about the internal business cost and benefit, not the external business cost and benfit.

命题2-2：企业科技技术转移中，授权者及被授权者专注企业内部成本及效益，不专注外部成本及效益。

Because of the aggravation of the competition, the enterprises of various countries are seeking the way to increase the benefit and lower costs ," logistics industry " is known as " the third profit source " of enterprise," circle backmost" of the economic " dark continent " for lowering costs and " key competitiveness " logistics industry in future will play an more and more important role.

由于竞争的加剧，各国的企业都在寻求提高效益降低成本的途径，"物流业"被称为经济的"黑暗大陆"，降低成本的"最后边界"，企业"第三利润源泉"。作为"核心竞争力"的物流业，正发挥越来越重要的作用。

Comparing with satellite and aerocraft,stratospheric balloon-borne gondola get an advantage of low cost,long life,low risk etc.,so it has a good future to replace satellite and aerocraft to a degree applied to the field of telecommunication and aerospace science research.

具有成本低、寿命长、风险小等优点，在一定程度可取代成本高昂的卫星和空间飞行器。用于通信领域和空间科学研究领域，具有十分广阔的应用前景。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。