成本

The theory and technology of the testing has become one of the main aspects in VLSI.This paper comprehensively introduced various VLSI testing approaches,and analyzed advantage and disadvantage.

先进的技术使得人们能以合理的成本快速设计和制造非常复杂的电路，随着产品成本的降低，总成本中测试所占的比重不断增加。

For one thing, if the materials store is too large, it will occupy too much fund and lead to torpidity of turnover fund. On the other hand, if the materials store is too small, it cannot meet the requirement of selling and producing, and will certainly increase purchase frequency or produce batch, thus this will expand the cost of purchase and produce, and cause the sum cost of inventory to be large. Therefore, enhancing the ability of inventory management and service level for its customers, and reducing the storage and the inventory cost is an important target of enterprise inventory management.

一方面，如库存量过大，则占用资金量过多，易于造成流动资金周转不灵；另一方面，若库存量过少，不能满足生产、销售的实际需要，势必要增加采购次数或生产批次，这样就加大了采购或生产成本，造成总库存成本过大，因而不断提高库存管理水平和客户服务水平、尽量降低库存水平、减少库存成本就成了企业库存优化的目标。

Analysis results on townships and villages general statuses showed township health center and village clinic are the major health care facilities in rural poor areas. The number of staff in 36 THCs and 104 VCs were a little lower than the national average. In township health centers, 59. 9% staff are with primary or without any professional titles and 35. 9% of the total staff have no professional degrees. The average gross value of fixed assets per THC is 186000 yuan, among which special equipment values 41000 yuan. Among professional buildings 43. 3% of total area were dangerous. Only one THC can provide emergent service. 47. 2% THCs be able to diagnose and deal with common emergent stomachache. The provision of health services was lower than average level of national rural areas. Frontier Model analysis showed regression coefficients of total outpatient emergency service, total inpatients, average personnel income, number of total staff, number of doctors and technical index were all larger and positive. It meant that these variables would contribute more to the cost-frontier, and their increase would cause the total health cost rising. So increasing health service provision, improving service quality and functions of health facilities may be the best ways to increase efficiency of these facilities. Also the model showed THC inefficiency eu was 1. 68, which means 40% of the cost wasted. Apart from internal and external factors, residents'health care utilization deficiency and inequity is one of major factors causing inefficiency eu.

乡、村基本情况结果表明，农村贫困地区乡卫生院和村卫生室是农民就近就医的主要场所；36所乡卫生院以及104所村卫生室的人员数量，略低于全国同期农村平均水平；在乡卫生院中，初级职称和无职称者的比例占59.9％，无专业学历者占35.9％；平均每院固定资产总值18.6万元，其中专用设备4.1万元，业务用房中危房面积占43.3％；36所卫生院中，具备急救条件的只有1所，能诊断和处理常见急腹症的占47.2％；卫生服务提供量均低于全国农村平均水平；Frontier模型方法显示，总门诊人次、总出院人次、平均人员工资、人员总数、医生数和技术指数等指标的回归系数较大，且均为正数，即这些变量对"前沿"成本的贡献较大，其正向变化均会带来卫生服务总成本的增加，表明增加卫生服务提供量，提高质量以及完善机构服务功能，是提高乡卫生机构效率的有效途径；同时Frontier模型结果显示，卫生院的低效率〓为1.68，经换算即40％的成本处于浪费状态；影响乡卫生院低效率〓的因素有外部和内部的，而需方卫生服务不公平及利用不足是其主要因素之一。

Proceed with total cost analysis of the logistics, find out the relation between total cost of the logistics and various kinds of influence factors and impact on total cost of the logistics of administrative decision of the logistics.

从物流总成本分析入手，找出物流总成本与各种影响因素的关系和物流管理决策对物流总成本的影响。

This will promote to the airline company improving services and enhance level of management and benefit of operation. This will advances the development of national economic and meet the requirement of people life and business activity, and increase the living quantity, and adapt to the travel industry to make use of. Everyone in the civil aviation should pay attention to.This paper analyzes the problem of development of regional aviation transport from three angles. Combining with the background of our country social economy development, and the speeding and improving service and advancing the marketing means, the compete power of three main transportation modes of regional aviation and railroad and highway in our country. From angle of tripper, a mathematical model of trip cost is established to quantitatively describe the choice behavior of passengers to select the model transportation. A

结合我国社会经济发展的背景，以及地面铁路和公路不但提速、改进服务和营销手段的现状，首先定性的分析了我国目前主要的三种客运方式支线航空运输、公路运输和铁路运输的竞争能力，然后从旅行者的角度，使用旅客出行成本模型，对成渝线、福厦线和台高线航线上不同出行方式的出行成本进行了对比研究，提出降低旅行成本，增强支线航空运输竞争能力的建议和方法；接着提出了利用层次分析法和模糊评判理论，对目前国内所采用的支线机型进行分析比较的方法，建立了选择支线机型的方法和评判标准，这给航空公司在发展支线航空选择机型时提供了一种评价选择方式；然后应用博弈论的方法、模型，分析支线航空运输航线结构变动时各种运输方式的经济行为、成因、结果及合理措施，提出航空公司发展支线航空运输的对策；最后对我国支线航空运输的现状进行了分析，并对未来支线航空运输的发展进行了预测，有针对性地提出了我国支线航空运输的发展策略。

1The feature of high-tech enterprises impacts requirements on cost management by high-tech enterprises, while traditional cost management appears unaccommodated, the information supplied by which and management decision making of enterprises becomes much loser in relativity, and so deduces the strategic cost management of high-tech enterprises.

通过本文的研究，可以得出如下结论：1。高新技术企业的特征影响着高新技术企业对成本管理的要求，传统的成本管理出现了不适应性，它所提供的信息与企业管理决策的相关性在减弱，进而演绎出高新技术企业战略成本管理。

The cost pay of network of my home music is lower, in the Lu Huahua with famous industry unboiled oil cost controls ability to fall, the year's harvest is controlled in 1 million RMB originally.

我家音乐网的成本支出更低，在行业著名的鲁花花生油成本控制能力下，年成本在100万人民币左右。

By the unserved energy cost quantifying the reliability benefits of alternatives, costs and benefits about electric power network reliability planning can be evaluated on a consistent and economic basis.

以用户缺电成本大小衡量可靠性效益高低，将规划的可靠性成本与可靠性效益统一在对电网的经济性评估上；通过构造缺电损失评价率给出缺电成本计算方法。

A different way of analysing and classifying costs is into fixed costs and variable costs .

按分析的方法不同把成本分为固定成本和变动成本。

Variable costs - Those costs that vary with the level of output, e.g., fuel costs.

可变成本-随着产量的变化而变化的成本，如燃料成本。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。