成形的

In order to analyze the internal rule of tube hydroforming, this paper introduces the history, recent development, focus and the main problems of the special process.

本文以深入研究内高压成形工艺的内在成形规律为目的，首先对内高压成形工艺的发展历史、国内外研究现状以及内高压成形工艺目前的研究热点和问题进行了介绍。

Three dimension metal plastic deformation of special shaped products was transformed into two dimension axis symmetry problem, analysis model of the continuous stream and strain rate fields were sough.

将三维金属异型材挤压塑性成形问题转化为二维轴对称成形问题，求解椭圆异型挤压金属塑性成形连续流动场和应变速度场的数学解析模型，并应用金属塑性成形理论，建立了精密挤压异型材优化模腔的数学模型，同时为精密快速地实现挤压模腔的CAD/CAM一体化目标提供了技术支持。

The Levy style Cable Dome model is made up of 〓5 tension piano-wires and 〓32×1 5 compressive steel pipes, distance between nodes and the tension force of cables is adjusted by screw up and down the turnbuckle The procedure of shaping up included four ways, and the loading included fully loaded and half loaded, to validate the influence of unconservative property, the author carried through the slack procedure and the unload procedure.

该Levy型索穹顶模型，以受拉的〓5高强钢丝和〓32×1.5受压钢管构成，节点间拉索的长度以及拉索的预拉力通过拧紧或放松花篮螺丝来调节。试验内容包括成形试验和承载力试验，成形试验尝试了四种不同的成形方法，为了考察结构非保守性的影响，每种成形方法成形后，还逆序进行了结构的松弛试验，荷载态试验包括均布荷载满载（即在所有压杆上部节点施加集中荷载）和半载（在结构1／2的压杆上部节点施加集中荷载）的加载和卸载时结构工作性能的测试。

With the development of EMF process, the perfect theoretical study is exigently needed to predict the final shape of parts, instruct and verify the forming system design.

由于电磁成形可以提高难成形材料的成形性并减小工件回弹，因此，可以克服这些材料的成形困难，促进其在轻量化结构中的应用[3]。

The author also studies the flow rule of the multisegment forming. According to the characteristic of 3-D deformation in sheet forming process and Mindlin hypothesis, the author establishes the model for sheet 3-D deformation and designs the finite element analysis software used in MPF. It will provide an effective analysis means for MPF in the future.

根据板材成形中三维变形的特点，作者基于Mindlin板壳理论，建立了用于三维金属板材成形过程分析的有限元模型，并编制了用于板材多点成形分析的有限元专用软件，为以后进行多点成形过程分析提供了有效的手段。

The mechanism of instability wrinkling in the process based on minimum energy principle is revealed, uniform mathematic description of the wrinkling wave on the strip of in-plane bending is established, the internal and external energy is deduced by energy method, and a uniform criteria of internal and external wrinkling is established; then how to combine the criteria with the FEM simulation system to make the numerical prediction of wrinkling into reality is also resolved in the paper. The effects of the forming parameters on the deforming result are analyzed by the uniform predict criteria. The results show as follows: as the compress width increase, external wrinkling first come into being, then internal winkling do, and finally in-plane bend occur; the loading wedge angle increase, internal winkling first come into being, thenin-plane bend do, and finally external wrinkling occur; in-plane bend is possible to occur with a increase of the strain-hardening exponent and the strength coefficient; and the effect of the friction factor may be ignored.

2揭示了板带不均匀压下面内弯曲成形过程基于能量原理的失稳起皱机理，提出了统一的描述内外缘起皱波形的函数，采用变分法推导了服从该波形函数的内外缘起皱能，建立了统一的起皱预测准则；将新建立的统一的起皱预测准则引入到数值模拟系统IBS中，数值预测结果与实验结果的吻合较好；分析了成形过程各参数对起皱的影响规律：随着接触变形区宽度的逐渐增大，先是发生外缘起皱，然后发生内缘起皱，进而才出现稳定成形；随着实际加载楔角的增大，先是发生内缘起皱，然后发生稳定成形，进而出现外缘起皱；硬化指数和强化系数增大，易于稳定成形；摩擦因子对起皱的影响不明显；而且接触变形区宽度对起皱的影响最大。

Aiming at the two structural features of axle shaft sleeve on the basis of analyzing various forming technologies applied in domestic and overseas in recent years,two new hot extrusion forming technology of axle shaft sleeve are worked out.

针对半轴套管的两种结构特点，在分析了国内外近年来所采用的各种成形工艺的基础上，分别开发了用镦粗-反挤压和扩径-正挤压两道复合工序相结合成形分体式半轴套管和用两次复合镦挤的方法成形整体式半轴套管的两种热挤压成形新工艺，通过物理模拟实验证明了成形工艺的可行性、实用性。

Experimental research of forming process for axle shaft sleeve with flange far from big end;2. Applying software DEFORM,the forming process has been analyzed for axle shaft sleeve .

应用DEFORM软件对半轴套管成形过程进行数值模拟，分析了金属在成形过程中各种场量的变化，对不同成形方案金属流动情况进行了预测，确定了最优的成形工艺和合理的模具结构。

Through analyze the shaping dies and simulate the main process of shaping with computer, we have found the reason why the part will crack during the shaping process and at last solved the problem.

通过对成形工艺方法、工装等进行分析，并运用计算机技术对主要成形过程进行模拟，分析了零件成形出现裂纹的原因，重新设计了工装进行工艺试验验证，解决了长久以来零件成形翻边时容易出现裂纹的问题。

In addition, the blank holding force that is required to avoid wrinkle and rupture during conical part deep drawing is researched. The necessity of reasonable blank holding force in pressing is expounded. From the view of mechanical analysis, the wrinkle critical condition of side-wall is derived for the first time by the stress state of side-wall, the main deformation region on blank. According to the critical condition of plastic instability for flange, side--wall, corner of punch on blank, The blank holding force in conical part deep drawing is divided into four different regions within its forming figure. The basic principle of reasonable blank holding force during stamping is summarized and provided. The mathematical model of reasonable blank holding force that avoids the wrinkle and rupture is established and verified by the finite element numerical simulation and the grid experiment method. The result shows that it is accurate and reliable.

此外，本文还研究了圆锥形件拉深成形过程中，随着拉深变形过程的进行，毛坯为避免产生起皱、破坏缺陷而对压边力的需求情况，阐明了圆锥形件拉深成形过程中压边力合理变化的必要性；由毛坯主要变形区悬空锥壁部分的受力变形情况，从力学分析的角度，首次推导得出了圆锥形零件悬空锥壁起皱失稳的临界条件；并根据主要变形区法兰、悬空锥壁及凸模圆角部分的塑性失稳临界条件，在其成形范围图中，将圆锥形件成形过程中的压边力划分为四个区域；总结并提出了圆锥形件成形过程中压边力合理变化的基本原则；建立了防止起皱、破坏缺陷产生的压边力合理变化的数学模式，并得到了有限元数值模拟及网格实验法的验证，证实了理论分析结果的正确性和可靠性。

The good news is that after formatting from the command line to FAT32 (format /fs:fat32 /a:4096 drive:) all but one of the problematic games that I tested work perfectly.

好消息是，从指挥线后格式化了FAT32(格式/曾荫权：了FAT32/答：4096年径：)所有问题，但其中的游戏测试工作，我很好。

In Amsterdam. He is a Dutch painter, draftsman, and etcher of the 17th century, the greatest artist of the Dutch school, a master of light and shadow whose paintings, drawings, and etchings made him a giant in the history of art.

伦勃朗是一位17世纪画家、绘图家、版画家，荷兰学派的最伟大艺术家，他的明暗法的大师，他的绘画、素描和版画使他成为一位艺术史上的巨匠，其画作体裁广泛，擅长肖像画、风景画、风俗画、宗教画、历史画等。