成形的

Research results show that: 1 The FLSD is basically path independent whether is for steel or for aluminium; 2 Shape of the forming limit curve in stress space is sensitive to the type of material model used in transformation form FLD to FLSD; 3 the anisotropy of sheet metal has considerable influence on the FLSD; 4 The application of the FLSD in sheet metal processes optimization was considered to be effective and more precise.

钢板和铝板应该分别采用不同的材料模型进行转换。3）板料各向异性性能对板料成形极限有影响，在使用FLSD时应该考虑板料的各向异性情况；4）FLSD在应用于多道次成形零件的有限元分析时，由于其具有的与加载路径无关的特点，因此比通常用的FLD更加准确可靠。本课题的研究为以后在板料成形仿真中，使用应力成形极限曲线代替应变成形极限曲线，提供了理论和试验依据。

Analyzing and simulating of the deformation law of the ceramic downspout product after overcoming the shortage of powder material models in the software of MSC. MARC. It shows out the important effects of various factors and the shape of mandril during the process. And it is obvious that the shape of the top mandril has more effects on the process than the bottom.(3) Showing out the important effects of model figure on the flowing of powder and the forming of low-density fields from the analysis. After changing the top of the mandril into spherical shape, an improving model is putting out so that the distribution of stress and strain turns to be even and proper and that the flow rule of powder grains is better.(4) Calculating of the dimensional precision and the cutting ratio of the product and analyzing of the effects of such factors as rubber aging, loading process, mandril, friction etc. on the cutting ratio.

MARC存在的粉末材料模型方面的设计缺陷后，对连铸水口粉末成形件的变形规律及影响因素作用进行了模拟分析，指出芯棒形状对成形件的变形有较大影响，并且芯棒顶部形状与芯棒底部形状相比，对粉末变形有更大影响；(3)分析了成形件出现低密度区域的原因，指出模具形状对粉末流动以及粉末成形件低密度区域的形成有重要作用，提出了密度分布优化改进模型：改进模具顶部形状，并将芯棒顶部设计成球面后，粉末成形件顶部区域的应力、应变分布更加均匀、合理，粉体颗粒流动情况明显改善，低密度区域明显缩小；(4)计算了成形件的尺寸精度及切削率，并指出除模具形状的影响外，充填密度、橡胶模具老化、加载工艺等其他因素对总体切削率也有相当的影响。

Based on an investigation on the conditions and mechanisms of superplastic forming,the numerical simulation of constant strain rate superplastic bulging under different temperature and strain rate of AZ31 magnesium alloy heart-shaped part was analyzed with the finite element analysis software MSC.

在超塑成形条件和超塑成形机理基础上，采用有限元分析软件MSC.MARC对AZ31镁合金薄板心形件，在不同成形温度和应变速率条件下的恒应变速率超塑气胀成形过程进行了数值模拟分析。

Shot peen forming and laser peen forming ,two peen forming technologies,have been used to form sheet metals which have gently shapes.

机械喷丸成形和激光喷丸成形是两种喷丸成形技术，用于成形外形变化平缓的蒙皮类钣金零件。

The experimetal results show that the flexural moment of the sample in the prebending direction is far bigger than that in the vertical direction to pre-bending and the spherical shape can be conquered during pre-loading laser peening forming to a great extent.

试验结果表明，在弹性预加载下，板料在弹性预弯方向获得的弯矩要比与弹性预弯垂直方向上的弯矩大得多，弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形可以有效地克服自由状态下激光喷丸件呈球形现象，激光喷丸件的曲率是自由状态下激光喷丸成形曲率的2～3倍；在相同曲率下，弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形件的表面粗糙度比自由状态下激光喷丸成形件的表面粗糙度要低1～2等级，因此弹性预加载下激光喷丸成形要优于自由状态下的激光喷丸成形。

In view of product quality of cross wedge rolling semifinished product of automotive power-shift box middle shaft which has heavy sectional shrinkage,numerical simulation and experimental method were adopted to analyze single wedge rolling and second wedge rolling method.

针对用楔横轧工艺生产具有大断面收缩率特点的汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯所存在的产品质量问题，利用数值模拟与实轧试验对汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯一次楔成形和二次楔成形进行了分析研究，发现采用一次楔成形方法加工汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯，轧件不易发生弯曲，中间断面收缩率最大处没有发生缩颈现象，心部质量也较二次楔成形好。

In view of product quality of cross wedge rolling semifinished product of automotive power-shift box middle shaft which has heavy sectional shrinkage, numerical simulation and experimental method were adopted to analyze single wedge rolling and second wedge rolling method. It is found out that contrast second wedge rolling, single wedge rolling will not make workpiece bend easily, and after rolling the workpiece has no neck shrinkage.

针对用楔横轧工艺生产具有大断面收缩率特点的汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯所存在的产品质量问题，利用数值模拟与实轧试验对汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯一次楔成形和二次楔成形进行了分析研究，发现采用一次楔成形方法加工汽车变速箱中间轴毛坯，轧件不易发生弯曲，中间断面收缩率最大处没有发生缩颈现象，心部质量也较二次楔成形好。

MPPF is the most optimal forming method, but it is expensive to achieve. More steps of MPDF can approximatively achieve the forming effect of MPPF.

多点压机成形是理想化的成形方式，但设备造价昂贵，多道次多点模具成形可以近似实现多点压机成形效果。

Electromagnetic forming is one of the high-rate forming technologies with wide applications. With the development of EMF process, the perfect theoretical study is exigently needed to predict the final shape of parts, instruct and verify the forming system design.

电磁成形是应用广泛高速率成形技术之一，随着电磁成形工艺应用的发展，越来越需要完善的理论研究来指导和检验电磁成形系统及工艺设计、预测工件最终形状。

Bbstract:Electromagnetic forming is one of the high-rate forming technologies with wide applications. With the development of EMF process, the perfect theoretical study is exigently needed to predict the final shape of parts, instruct and verify the forming system design.

电磁成形是应用广泛高速率成形技术之一，随着电磁成形工艺应用的发展，越来越需要完善的定见研究来引导和检验电磁成形系统及工艺设计、预测工件最终形状。

The good news is that after formatting from the command line to FAT32 (format /fs:fat32 /a:4096 drive:) all but one of the problematic games that I tested work perfectly.

好消息是，从指挥线后格式化了FAT32(格式/曾荫权：了FAT32/答：4096年径：)所有问题，但其中的游戏测试工作，我很好。

In Amsterdam. He is a Dutch painter, draftsman, and etcher of the 17th century, the greatest artist of the Dutch school, a master of light and shadow whose paintings, drawings, and etchings made him a giant in the history of art.

伦勃朗是一位17世纪画家、绘图家、版画家，荷兰学派的最伟大艺术家，他的明暗法的大师，他的绘画、素描和版画使他成为一位艺术史上的巨匠，其画作体裁广泛，擅长肖像画、风景画、风俗画、宗教画、历史画等。