意大利化

From the 13th to the 16th century, Liber Abaci affected the development of arithmetic mathematical, the revolution in business Mathematics, and the mathematics education in Europe.

十三世纪意大利数学家斐波那契的《计算之书》(Liber Abaci，1202初版、1228再版)是中世纪晚期欧洲重要的数学著作，在13到16世纪对欧洲算法化数学发展、商业数学革命、以及数学教育变革等方面产生了广泛的影响。

In Greece, in Italy, on the Hellenised sea-board of Western Asia, these codes all made their appearance at periods much the same everywhere, not, I mean, at periods identical in point of time, but similar in point of the relative progress of each community.

在希腊、在意大利、在西亚的希腊化海岸上，这些法典几乎到处都在同一个时期出现，这所谓同一个时期，我的意思当然并不是指在时间上的同一个时期，而是说在每一个社会相对地进步到类似的情况下出现的。

One who is entirely ignorant of the modes of Art in its revolution or the moods of thought in its progress, of the pomp of the Latin line or the richer music of the vowelled Greek, of Tuscan sculpture or Elizabethan song may yet be full of the very sweetest wisdom.

艺术 变革的种种方式或思想演进的种种状态、拉丁诗的华彩或元音化的希腊语那更丰富的抑扬顿挫、意大利托斯卡纳式的雕塑、伊丽莎白时代的歌调，对这些一个人可以全然不知，但却仍然充满最美妙的智慧。

The Goths and Vandals make a mess of the Roman Empire next, but the last laugh is on them—most of them will become Romanized, eventually speaking Spanish, Italian and so on.

接着哥特人和汪达尔人把罗马帝国折腾得支离破碎，但被笑到最后的却是他们自己，他们中的大多数都罗马化了，最终说的是西班牙语，意大利语这类的语言。

The Italian allies became increasingly Romanized and when the Romans refused to grant them citizenship, they rebelled in 91 B.C.

这些意大利同盟者的罗马化程度逐步加深，但当罗马人拒绝给予其公民权时，他们于BC91年起而叛乱。

What formerly was segregated as pornography, as the exercise of extreme sadomasochistic longings - as in Pier Paolo Pasolini's last, near-unwatchable film,"Salo"(1975), depicting orgies of torture in the Fascist redoubt in northern Italy at the end of the Mussolini era - is now being normalized, by some, as high-spirited play or venting.

曾被作为极端施虐受虐欲的实践而分离出来的色情影像──比如帕索里尼最后一部几乎不堪入目的影片《萨罗》（Salo，1975），描绘了墨索里尼时代末期，意大利北部法西斯军事堡垒里的纵欲酷刑──现在正被常规化，并被某些人奉为高级精神运动或情感宣泄途径。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。