惩罚性的

Even in the ancient time some countries had provisions and cases concerning the law of punitive damages, which were not same as the law of punitive damages in modern time, but were similar to amercement on violating administrative law or fine on violating criminal law. The modern concept of punitive damages was formed in tort law of America.

早在古代的西方和东方文明古国就出现了多倍赔偿的规定和案例，但这些制度不同于现代的惩罚性赔偿制度，而类似于现代行政法中的罚款或刑罚中罚金刑，真正现代意义的惩罚性赔偿制度的理念是在美国侵权法中形成的。

"Novatec has estimated lost sales and manufacturing profits exceeding $8 million and will be seeking full and punitive damages from Conair," said Conrad Bessemer, president and CEO of Novatec.

"失去了Novatec估计的销售和制造利润超过800万美元，将寻求充分和惩罚性赔偿金由康耐尔说，"康拉德贝塞麦，公司总裁兼首席执行官Novatec 。

At the same time, the paper discusses the relationship between Punitive Damages and compensatory damages and mental damages.

同时，对惩罚性损害赔偿与补偿性损害赔偿、精神损害赔偿的关系进行了论述。

Punitive damage can be applied in case the manufacturer and seller have intentional fraudulent, malice non-behavior serious indiscretion, extreme disparagement on other people's right.

关于雇主替代责任及其限制问题，只要雇员的行为没有超出其工作范围，并且不是出于个人故意，应当由雇主承担惩罚性赔偿责任。

Legal remedies involve the recovery of money damages and include nominal damages, compensatory damages, consequential damages, and punitive damages.

法定救济涉及金钱赔偿，包括象征性赔偿、补偿性赔偿、对间接损失的赔偿及惩罚性赔偿。

Countries labeled as having nonmarket economies are generally more vulnerable to punitive import tariffs on their goods.

被认定为非市场经济的国家往往更容易被征收惩罚性进口关税。

Punishability in criminal law first should be the reasons for certain acts to be included in the Criminal Code as a crime,later it is result of violation of criminal law.

应受刑罚惩罚首先是某类行为被作为犯罪纳入刑法的原因，而后才是某个行为违反刑法所应得到的结果，应受刑罚惩罚性是确定罪与非罪的标准，只有应受刑罚惩罚性才是犯罪的本质特征。

The author points out: Character of beneficiary's right as base of legal remedy should be defined as new special real right; In respect of compensation, we should pay attention to sufficiency construction; In respect of property tracing, we should choose tracing mode of real right; Punitive damage should be recognized; Concerning office dismiss, loose construction of removal requirement and settlor's intention should be adopted; Constructive trust as a special remedy has considerable advantages, and its construction in our nation has realistic base.

本章认为，作为法律救济的权利基础即信托受益权，其性质应定位于新型特殊物权。本章主张，损害赔偿救济应注意赔偿充分性的制度构建；追及救济应以物权式模式进行构建；应注意惩罚性救济机制的建设，认可惩罚性损害赔偿；解任职务应注意宽松化构造，即解任条件应该宽松，且解任不应过多考虑委托人的意愿；拟制信托作为特殊的法律救济具有相当的优越性，我国构建拟制信托具有一定的基础。

The choice of company's control mode of our country should be stridden forward towards the goal of strengthening worker's participation in the company makes policy, let the behavior of the company really embody the worker's will.

惩罚性赔偿与一般意义上的民事补偿不同，立法目的是通过惩罚性赔偿以威慑经营者，达到使经营者不敢以身试法的效果，从而将更多的注意力转移到保护消费者利益上来，这。。。

A motivation of inducing tort should be avoided when using penalized compensation and the compensation should be enough to balance the tortuous actor's illegal benefits or his additional cost if he abides by the law.

并且提出，在实践中使用惩罚性赔偿金时要避免提供一种使权利人引诱他人侵权的激励，同时惩罚性赔偿的水平应当足以抵消加害人从过错中得到的非法利益或者遵守法律付出的额外成本。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。