惩罚性的

From the longitudinal angle, I review and analyze the sinuous development from ancientry to modern times of the system of punitive damages, then analyze and foresee the pending development trend of the system.

论文从纵向的角度，对惩罚性赔偿制度从古代到近现代的曲折发展进行了考察和分析，并对惩罚性赔偿制度未来发展趋势做出了分析和预测。

At the same time we must persist that the compensative obligation of breaching a contract is the main principle .

同时我们必须坚持违约责任的补偿性为主要原则，惩罚性只能是补偿性的补充，而绝不能是代替，这是导入惩罚性赔偿制度的前提。

I generalize the characteristics of punitive damages to be punitive, private litigating, and complemental.

惩罚性赔偿的特点，笔者将其概括为惩罚性、私诉性和补充性三大特点。

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任何情况下， FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT 均不对任何直接、间接、偶然、特殊、惩罚性的，或必然的损失(包括但不限于替代商品或服务的采购、使用、数据或利益的损失或营业中断)负责，无论是如何导致的并以任何有责任逻辑的，无论是否是在本文档使用以外以任何方式产生的契约、严格责任或是民事侵权行为中的，即使已被告知发生该损失的可能性。

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

任何情况下，版权所有者和贡献者均不对任何直接、间接、偶然、特殊、惩罚性的，或必然的损失(包括但不限于替代商品或服务的采购、使用、数据或利益的损失或营业中断)负责，无论是如何导致的并以任何有责任逻辑的，无论是否是在本文档使用以外以任何方式产生的契约、严格责任或是民事侵权行为中的，即使已被告知发生该损失的可能性。

Moreover, the author analysis the principal of product liability to point out the positive aspect in applying product liability in punitive damages.

本部分一开始介绍了我国惩罚性赔偿制度在立法上的现状，凸显了惩罚性赔偿制度在我国法律中并未得到广泛确认这一现实。

Often perhaps they derive their force from a purely punitive or retributive attitude; but alternatively they may be held to be relevant to an assessment of the social damage that results from a criminal act .

通常，它可能是从纯粹的惩罚性的或者报应的态度中得到它们的效力，但是他们也可以从评估犯罪行为所造成的社会损害的角度来获得他们的效力。

At the legislative level, the future of our system of punitive damages intort and contract areas of the Civil Code should be provided However, as atemporary measure, the first step is in intellectual property law, securities law,environmental protection, product liability, Consumer Protection Law, theProduct Safety Act and other relevant civil or special laws to improve theapplication of punitive damages system.

在立法上，对惩罚性赔偿制度我国将来的民法典应当在侵权与合同领域都加以规定，但作为权宜之计，可先在知识产权法、证券法、环境保护法、产品责任法、消费者权益保护法、生产安全法等相应的民事特别法中规定或完善惩罚性赔偿制度的适用。

However, the countries and regions of continental law maintain the compensatory principle and do not admit punitive damages liability is a civil liability, and investigate the adjudgements of punitive damages as a case, usually disavowing the adjudgements.

而在大陆法系国家和地区则坚持损害赔偿的补偿性原则，不承认惩罚性赔偿是一种民事责任，对普通法系的惩罚性赔偿判决则予以个案审查，一般情况下不认可惩罚性赔偿判决部分。

The provision in Food Safety Law that law-breakers are responsible only for food which don't reach fond safety criterion goes against consumers' protection and violaters' punishment. The compensation standard set in Fond Safety Law is so low that the functions of punitive damages cannot be on the full play. We should adopt comprehensive standard in consideration of concrete situations, in stead of fixed amount of ten times of fond price.

食品安全法》中规定以生产或销售不符合食品安全标准的食品作为适用惩罚性赔偿的前提不利于对消费者的保护和对违法者的惩罚；并且惩罚性赔偿标准偏低，并不能使惩罚性赔偿的多重功能得到完全释放，不应以食品价金来确定赔偿标准，应根据具体情况采取综合性标准来确定具体的赔偿数额。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐