惩罚性的

This paper attempts to make recommendations, with a new view to the contract breach fine research, on the nature of contract breach fine should be compensation, punitive coexist, through the study of different national legislation on the different provisions of contract breach fine, combined with existing academic disputes, and the expurgation of confusion and false in the concept of contract breach fine.

本文试图通过对各国立法关于违约金性质的不同规定之考察比较，结合阐述学界对违约金性质所存在的争议，廓清违约金概念中的混乱与不实之处，对我国违约金性质应赔偿性、惩罚性并存提出建议，以期展现违约金问题研究的一个新视角。

According to the principle of full compensation under the common law system, tort law seeks to put the victim in the position he was in before the tort event. Meanwhile, the exemplary damages would be ordered by the Court in the cases of having grave harm and serious influence in the further. Therefore, the indemnitee is generally considered to be the situation where he does not suffer any harm at all.

在西方的司法制度下，侵权法的补偿标准为，将损失方补偿到事件发生之前的状态，同时在一些危害严重，影响深远的案件中，给予惩罚性补偿，因此损失方多数会得到全部补偿。

In Penology, the function of punishment means the inevitable connection between the crime and the criminal sanctions, at this angle, the economic sanctions under the UN have no function of punishment; in Science of Civil Law, punishment, which is defined in the punishing ...

刑法学关于惩罚功能的精髓是在刑事不法行为与刑事制裁之间建立必然联系，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不具有惩罚功能；民法学在"惩罚性赔偿"的定义中，将惩罚界定为"对不法行为者施加的'害'大于不法行为本身导致的'害'，而不是等于或大致等于不法行为本身导致的'害'"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁不一定具有惩罚功能；法理学认为"惩罚"就是"施加不利"，从这个角度来看，联合国经济制裁应该具有惩罚功能因素。

A similar imperative guides Canada's current approach in the plurilateral Free Trade Agreement of the Americas and Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation negotiations, and in those on the multilateral Doha Development Agenda of the World Trade Organization.

第一股力量来自加国七国高峰会议与四边贸易部长级会谈成员的地位以及加拿大在建立以规则为基础的WTO所展现的领导能力及在南北国家间促成非惩罚性、平衡贸易与环境协定所获致的国际贸易社会之尊敬。

Finally, the article brings forward the suggestions concerning legislation in the infringement of the right of reputation. It concludes that importing the "actual malice" in public official lawsuits aims to the protection for the news organization. The needless lawsuits will be decreased through constituting the system of damage compensating with punishment and the system of compensation if viciously impleading. There are many indefinite ingredients in press lawsuits such as deciding the damages of the spirit.

第五部分则是对我国新闻侵害名誉权提出的一些立法建议，即对国家工作人员引入&实际上的恶意&以对新闻机构予以倾斜保护、建立惩罚性损害赔偿制度、建立恶意不实诉讼赔偿机制以减少不必要的新闻侵权诉讼，及赋予法官自由裁量权对新闻侵害名誉权诉讼中涉及的精神损害赔偿金等众多不确定因素予以自由裁量，以实现公平和正义。

The conciliatory standard provided by the state compensation law of China could not entirely remedy the property dam- age arising from the state tortuous act;therefore the law should be amended by establishing the compensatory principle,adding the punitive damages,and ameliorating concrete conditions of returning the property,restituting original state and compensating the damages.

《国家赔偿法》确立的抚慰性赔偿标准不能为财产权受到国家侵权行为损害的受害人提供全面的救济，应当适时修改《国家赔偿法》，确立补偿性原则，增加惩罚性赔偿，并对返还财产、恢复原状以及给付赔偿金等方式的具体适用标准进行修改完善。

Solving the infringement of copyright we should adopt the reasonable but full succors system to realize the sanctions infringement behavior and the protection of author s benefits , that is the core problem of the copyright law .

学界应从侵害著作权的行为方式入手，对侵害著作权的赔偿范围进行分析，引用惩罚性赔偿制度对侵害著作权的行为进行追究制裁，同时对赔偿数额的计算方式予以规定。

Based on the particularity of economic law, legal liabilities on violating economic law should combine compensation and punishment.

鉴于经济法的特殊性，其经济法责任的形式应是补偿与惩罚相结合的方式，而惩罚性赔偿突出的具备这一特征。

In its open-market operations, the Bank should act as market maker of last resort, by standing ready to purchase, at a properly conservative/punitive price,normally liquid assets that have become illiquid through a systemic flight to quality and liquidity caused by fear, panic and other contagion effects.

在其公开市场业务，银行应作为做市商，最后手段，以随时准备购买，在一个适当的保守/惩罚性价格，通常流动资产，已成为一个系统性的流动性飞行，以质量和流动性所造成的恐惧，恐慌和其他的传染效应。

The demand by some of them that the American government, using powers derived from Section 421 of the 1974 US Trade Act, impose punitive tariffs on Chinese-made "steel-wire garment hangers" was one of the opening salvoes in an entirely new series of Sino-American trade skirmishes stemming from China's entry into the World Trade Organisation.

他们中某些提出要求美国政府行使源于1974年美国贸易法案的权利向中国制造的钢丝衣架征收惩罚性关税，这仅仅是自中国进入WTO就存在的全新中美贸易冲突开场序幕中的小插曲

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐