总平均

As a whole,the notable characteristic of primary productivity in size-fractioned structure was that nanoplankton occupied comparatively significant advantage in Beibu Gulf.Nanoplankton has the largest contribution to gross primary productivity,and picoplankton was the secondary contributor,while microplankton the least.The contribution of microplankton for primary productivity in the north Gulf was more than that in the other waters.Nanoplankton and picoplankton contribute more to the gross primary productivity in offshore deep waters than in inshore shallow waters3.The Beibu Gulf can be divided into three ecoregions:Region-Ⅰis the ecoregion in inshore shallow waters of the north Gulf.In average,the water depth is 18m,DIN is 1.88μmol/L,DIP is 0.20μmol/L,N:P is 9.4:1,dissolved silicate is 5.17μmol/L,the Chl a conentration in surface layer is 2.27mg·m~(-3),the assimilation index in surface layer is 3.80mg/,the primary productivity is 198.78mgC/(m~2·d), and potential fishery production is estimated to be 0.24gC/(m~2·a) according to the primary productivity.The ecoregion is mainly affected by the northern coastal water systems,and may be fit for aquaculture;Region-Ⅱis the ecoregion in offshore deep waters of the north Gulf and the coastal shallow waters to the west Hainan Island.In average,the water depth is 35m,DIN is 2.01μmol/L,DIP is 0.18μmol/L,N:P is 11.2:1,disovled silicate is 4.23μmol/L,the chlorophyll a of surface layer concentration is 1.45mg·m~(-3),the assimilation index of surface layer is 4.12 mg/,the primary productivity is 276.60mgC/(m~2·d),and the estimated potential fishery production is 0.34gC/(m~2·a) according to the primary productivity. The ecoregion was mainly influenced by ocean current from the South China Sea, rivers in the west coast of Hainan Island and the water from Qiongzhou Strait.It may be fit for aquaculture and fishery;Region-Ⅲis the ecoregion in offshore deep waters of the mid and south Gulf.In average,the water depth is 75m,DIN is 0.77μmol/L, DIP is 0.15μmol/L,N:P is 5.1:1,disovled silicate is 3.05μmol/L,the chlorophyll a of surface layer concentration is 0.70mg·m~(-3),the assimilation index of surface layer averaged is 3.69mg/,the primary productivity is 350.89mgC/(m~2·d),and the estimated potential fishery production is 0.43gC/(m~2·a) according to the primary productivity.The ecoregion was mainly affected by the circulation inside Beibu Gulf, and may be fit for fishery.

初级生产力的粒级结构的一个显著特点是总体上微型浮游生物在全调查海区均占较明显优势，对总初级生产力的平均贡献最大；微微型浮游生物对初级生产力的平均贡献次之；小型浮游生物对总初级生产力的平均贡献最小；湾北部小型浮游生物对初级生产力的平均贡献高于湾中部和湾南部，而湾中部和湾南部微型和微微型浮游生物对初级生产力的平均贡献高于湾北部，远岸深水区高于近岸浅水区。3、北部湾可以分为三个生态区：湾北部近岸浅水区，该区的环境主要特点是平均水深19m，DIN浓度平均值为1.88μmol/L，DIP浓度平均值为0.20μmol/L，N：P为9.4：1，硅酸盐浓度平均值为5.17μmol/L，表层叶绿素a平均值高达2.27 mg·m~(-3)，表层同化指数平均为3.80 mg/，初级生产力平均值198.78mgC/(m~2·d)，根据初级生产力计算潜在渔业资源碳生产量平均为0.24 gC/(m~2·a)，该区主要受湾北部沿岸水系影响，适合作为水产养殖区；湾北部深水区和海南岛西部沿岸浅水区，该区的环境主要特点是平均水深35m，DIN浓度平均值为2.01μmol/L，DIP浓度平均值为0.18μmol/L，N：P为11.2：1，硅酸盐浓度平均值为4.23μmol/L，表层叶绿素a平均值1.45 mg·m~(-3)，表层同化指数平均为4.12mg/，初级生产力平均值276.60 mgC/(m~2·d)，根据初级生产力计算潜在渔业资源碳生产量平均为0.34 gC/(m~2·a)，该区主要受南部湾口区海流向湾内延伸，沿岸海南岛河流注入湾内和琼州海峡过道水的影响，适合作为渔业作业区和水产养殖区；湾中部和南部远岸深水区，该区的环境主要特点是平均水深75m，DIN浓度平均值为0.77μmol/L，DIP浓度平均值为0.15μmol/L，N：P为5.1：1，硅酸盐浓度平均值为3.05μmol/L，表层叶绿素a平均值0.70 mg·m~(-3)，表层同化指数平均为3.69 mg/，初级生产力平均值350.89 mgC/(m~2·d)，根据初级生产力计算潜在渔业资源碳生产量平均为0.43 gC/(m~2·a)，该区主要受北部湾环流影响，适合作为渔业作业区。

Analysis results on townships and villages general statuses showed township health center and village clinic are the major health care facilities in rural poor areas. The number of staff in 36 THCs and 104 VCs were a little lower than the national average. In township health centers, 59. 9% staff are with primary or without any professional titles and 35. 9% of the total staff have no professional degrees. The average gross value of fixed assets per THC is 186000 yuan, among which special equipment values 41000 yuan. Among professional buildings 43. 3% of total area were dangerous. Only one THC can provide emergent service. 47. 2% THCs be able to diagnose and deal with common emergent stomachache. The provision of health services was lower than average level of national rural areas. Frontier Model analysis showed regression coefficients of total outpatient emergency service, total inpatients, average personnel income, number of total staff, number of doctors and technical index were all larger and positive. It meant that these variables would contribute more to the cost-frontier, and their increase would cause the total health cost rising. So increasing health service provision, improving service quality and functions of health facilities may be the best ways to increase efficiency of these facilities. Also the model showed THC inefficiency eu was 1. 68, which means 40% of the cost wasted. Apart from internal and external factors, residents'health care utilization deficiency and inequity is one of major factors causing inefficiency eu.

乡、村基本情况结果表明，农村贫困地区乡卫生院和村卫生室是农民就近就医的主要场所；36所乡卫生院以及104所村卫生室的人员数量，略低于全国同期农村平均水平；在乡卫生院中，初级职称和无职称者的比例占59.9％，无专业学历者占35.9％；平均每院固定资产总值18.6万元，其中专用设备4.1万元，业务用房中危房面积占43.3％；36所卫生院中，具备急救条件的只有1所，能诊断和处理常见急腹症的占47.2％；卫生服务提供量均低于全国农村平均水平；Frontier模型方法显示，总门诊人次、总出院人次、平均人员工资、人员总数、医生数和技术指数等指标的回归系数较大，且均为正数，即这些变量对"前沿"成本的贡献较大，其正向变化均会带来卫生服务总成本的增加，表明增加卫生服务提供量，提高质量以及完善机构服务功能，是提高乡卫生机构效率的有效途径；同时Frontier模型结果显示，卫生院的低效率〓为1.68，经换算即40％的成本处于浪费状态；影响乡卫生院低效率〓的因素有外部和内部的，而需方卫生服务不公平及利用不足是其主要因素之一。

The aerobic bacteria andtotal microorganism were the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter;Theactinomycetes was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter;The rhizospherefungi was the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter, the non-rhizosphere fungi was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter.The average microorganism"s R/Sof four seasons in Eucalyptus grandis plantation is 1.40,the aerobic bacteria"s averageR/S of four seasons is 1.40,the actinomyeetes"s average R/S of four seasons is 1.40,thefungi"s average R/S of four seasons is 1.41.The uprightness distribution rule ofrhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microorganism in Eucalyptus grandis plantationwere the same,the trend is surface layer(0-20cm)＞middle layer(20-40cm)＞underlayer(40-60cm).Compared with the amount of microorganism in 2004, the amount ofmicroorganism in 2006 had a definite drop.

好气性细菌及微生物总数量秋季最高、冬季最低；放线菌数量春季最高、冬季最低；真菌数量根系土壤秋季最高、冬季最低，根外土壤春季最高、冬季最低；巨桉人工林三大类微生物四季的平均R／S值1.40，好气性细菌四个季度平均R／S值1.40，放线菌四个季度平均R／S值1.40，真菌四个季度平均R／S值1.41；巨桉人工林两样地根系与根外土壤微生物垂直分布规律一致，土壤微生物三大类及微生物总数量的垂直变化总的趋势是表层(0～20cm)＞中层(20～40cm)＞下层(40～60cm)；相比较2004年土壤微生物数量，2006年三大类数量及微生物总数均有一定程度的下降。

When the aphids were feeding on Ww2730 seedlings, the time to 1st probing was delayed compared to those on Xiaoyan22 and Batis, searching was interrupted before 1st probing, and 1st probing was shorter than that on Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly. Duration of pd Ⅱ-1 on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan22 was much longer than that on Batis. Duration of pd in C waveforms on Ww2730 was longer than that on Xiaoyan22 and Batis remarkedly. Times and duration of G waveform on Ww2730 were more and longer. Times of spot G waveform on Batis were more than on Ww2730 significantly, but the duration was shorter than those on Xiaoyan22 and Ww2730. Total time of E1 waveform, max longest duration of E1 fractions and mean duration time of E1 fractions following E2 wavefrom on Xiaoyan22 and Batis were all longer than on Ww2730 statistically. There were no differenences among mean durations of 1st E1 wavefrom on three varieties, but mean durations of other E1 waveforms on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan22 were shorter than those on Batis. The other waveform parameters, include times and durations of F and E2 were all not different on three wheat varieties.It is suggested that the resistance mechanism of wheat variety Ww2730 to S.

麦长管蚜在品种Ww2730上口针开始接触叶面时间显著晚于小偃22和Batis，第1次持续刺探前的刺探次数显著多于小偃22和Batis，开始刺入叶面后第1次刺探的持续时间极显著短于小偃22和Batis；在Ww2730和小偃22上的PdⅡ-1的平均时间显著长于Batis；Ww2730上C波阶段2个Pd波间的间隔平均时间显著大于另外2个品种；在Ww2730木质部取食的次数和时间显著大于其它2个品种；Batis上的点G波的次数极显著地高于Ww2730，而平均持续时间极显著短于小偃22和Ww2730；在Batis和小偃22上E1波的总时间，E1波的最大值、跟随E2波的E1波的平均时间均显著大于Ww2730；3个品种间第1次E1波持续的时间差异不显著，但Ww2730和小偃22上其它E1波持续的时间极显著少于Batis；3个品种上其它波形参数，包括F波的次数和总时间、E2波的次数和总时间没有差异。

Majority of polymorphic sites and informative sites of Cyt b 433bp sequences of mirid bugs are located on the 3〓 site of triplet code, average 69. 09% of total polymorphic sites. The second number on the 1〓 site, averages 23. 64%. The 3〓 site is the most conservative one. The polymorphic site on this site averages only 7. 27%. Distrabution of the informative site is also under the same rule. Informative sites on the 3〓, 1〓 and 2〓 site of the triplet code average respectively 62. 85%, 22. 86% and 14. 29% of the informative sites.

盲蝽科昆虫Cyt b 432bp序列的多态性位点和信号位点大多数位于三联体密码子的第三位点，平均占总变异位点数的69.09％，其次是在第一位点，平均占总变异位点数的23.64％，第二位点最为保守，平均只占总变异位点数的7.27％，信号位点的分布规律也是如此，第三、第一、第二位点上信号位点所占平均比例分别为62.85％，22.86％和14.29％。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

First, after literature review, a questionnaire" LASSI: Learning and Study Strategies Inventory" that Lee, Chang and Hung (1991) developed was used to survey with students' background.

首先搜集学习策略之相关研究加以探讨，除引用李咏吟、张德荣与洪宝莲（1991）所修订之「大学生学习与读书策略量表」外，亦自编「个人背景资料调查问卷」，并以国立台北科技大学九十五学年度四技部二年级学生前一学年度之学业成绩总平均，作为学生学业成绩表现。

I got a lowest mark in my degree life, and the average mark is the lowest compare with the past results.

我拿到了大学生涯中单科最低的分数，总平均也是有史以来最低分的一次。

Nurse answers about drug safety recognition get a mean 0.97 mark (1 as the highest mark).

护理人员回答用药安全认知情形，总平均得分为0.97分(最高为1分)。

Other biogenic amines were determined at concentration less than 2.0 mg/L. There were no essential differences in the total average amine levels among five types of tested beers: lager, pilsner, strong, stout and non-alcoholic.

其他生物胺含量浓度小于2.0毫克/升目前还没有本质区别的总平均水平胺五种类型的测试啤酒：啤酒，比尔森啤酒，（一种啤酒牌strong），（一种啤酒品牌——不含酒精）。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。