性选择的

The recognition of sexual selection was for a long time in abeyance, but has been rehabilitated.

在过去的很长一段时间，性选择理论被搁置，但现已恢复名声。

Aiming at the choice of proposal function and degeneracy problem in particle filter,an improved algorithm is put forward.

针对粒子滤波算法建议性函数的选择问题和粒子匮乏现象，提出了改进粒子滤波算法。

If the Landweber method and pre-iteration method were convergent, the residue sequence would be monotone decreasing. By analyzing the convergence, the fact is demonstrated that for the severe ill-conditioned matrix of sensitivity coefficient, because of the limitation of the precision of the computer, the residue sequence is not monotone decreasing; thereby the reconstruction images diverge from the true distribution of the conductivity. So the generalized inverse method with threshold is established and the selection way of the regularization parameter is presented, by which the better images are reconstructed.

Landweber法和预迭代法收敛，则其残差序列单调递减，通过对它们的收敛性进行分析，证实对于病态性严重的灵敏度系数矩阵，由于受计算精度的限制，迭代过程中的残差序列不再单调递减，从而导致重建图象偏离实际电导率分布，因此作者建立了带阈值的广义逆算法，提出了规则化参数选择方法，获得了较好的图象重建质量。

We argue that the process of the knowledge sharing is to make the meanings of the knowledge clear, and a basic tool for it is organizational learning. On the other hand, the more the richness of knowledge is, the more the knowledge equivocality will be.

知识的隐性特征越强，其知识歧义性越大，而媒体的富裕度越高其促进组织学习减少知识歧义性的能力越强，所以我们得出结论：知识传递过程中，知识的隐性特征越强，所应选择的知识传递媒体的媒体富裕度越高。

They are as following: to establish the selection method of the slaving designed quality functions according to the interrelationship among designed quality functions; to construct the measurement functions of the optimality robustness with the hypersurface characteristics around the current iterative point of designed quality functions.

具体地，根据设计性能函数之间相互关系给出了处于支配地位设计性能函数的选择方法；利用设计性能目标函数在当前迭代点附近的超曲面特征，构造设计性能目标函数的最优性健壮度量函数；按照系统有序化设计模型的最优解应同时具有可行性健壮与最优性健壮的要求，通过计算设计性能目标函数与约束函数对设计变量的波动与非设计参数的波动的一阶敏度来确定系统有序化设计模型中的健壮参数；并以此为基础建立了进一步考虑非设计参数波动对设计变量波动有影响的后健壮分析方法。

By designing the mould to change the propellants model frame, selecting differentmaterials as propellant seal layer agents, studying the preparation technics, we havepreferably solved the PSS seal layer pressurize and combustion disciplinarian problem, andobtained the remarkable increasing burning surface effect.The practical increment ofΓvalue reachs 3.2 upwards conducting closed bomb firings, comparing with 19 holepropellants—the best progressivity burning in the present, whose practical increment ofΓvalue is 1.2, the PSS amplitude ofΓvalue exceeds 2.5 times.

通过药型结构和模具的设计、端面密封材料的选择和制备工艺的研究，较好地解决了PSS发射药的端面密封和燃烧规律控制问题，获得了显著的增面性燃烧效果，密闭爆发器实验中燃气生成猛度的实际增量达到了3.2以上，与目前增面性最好的19孔发射药实际增量的1.2左右相比，增幅超过了2.5倍。

For the purpose of understanding the vulnerability analysis role, importance and relationship with seismic hazard analysis and exposure assessment in earthquake loss estimation in global view, the general procedure of earthquake loss estimation is summarized first.

为了能深入理解结构地震易损性分析的地位和作用，(1)概述了地震损失估计的一般步骤；(2)研究了地震危险性分析、风险区内社会财富估计及这些社会财富地震易损性分析在震害预测中的地位、作用以及三者之间的相互关系；(3)总结了设定地震的可能途径和可能方式，提出了兼顾地震发生的可能性和地震潜在破坏的严重性的设定地震选择原则；(4)比较了目前表示地震动-破坏关系的三种主要方法；综述了国内外地震损失估计的现状，指出目前亟待解决的一些重要问题。

Except the foreword, this paper is divided into four chpaters:Chapter One: the common vivid featrues of dramatic personae in the phyletic biography of people in Shiji. The charater accords with the described methods, it has the obvious feature of kindred, It leans to the type of the figural creation in our country's later gerneration novels.Chapter Tw phyletic biography of people not extrudes the common featrue of drmatic personae but also emphersizes the personality description. The figural creation turns personal description from typical description gradually in the later generation novels, although the same typical charaters have the differnt lookings.Chapter Three: phyletic biography of people stands out the charaters with the typical events, the same charater can appears the differnt phyletic biography of people, it shows the differnt features (This is the commuteritive incarnate in Shiji). The later generation novels figure the charaters with their action, the same character lean to the differnt points, they show their differnt characteristics.Chapter Four: phyletic biography of people has the multiform modality, it includes paratactic description, coherend interclude, cascade rising and so on. The later generation novels use for reference the paratactic in the arrange of polt structure.

除引言外，全文分为四部分：第一章：《史记》各&类传&中&传主&的共同特征鲜明，人物选择符合以类相从、连类相及的方法，&类&的特色极为明显；我国后世小说中人物形象塑造呈现出类型化的倾向；第二章：&类传&在突出传主共同特征的基础上也注重人物的个性描写，传中人物在符合&类属&的前提下自身的特色同时显现出来：后世小说中人物形象塑造逐步由类型化向个性化发展，即便是同一群体的人物也具有各自不同的面目；第三章：&类传&选取传中人物的典型事件来突出人物形象；同一人物可以进入不同的类传中，表现出不同的特性(这是《史记》全书人物塑造上的&互现法&的典型体现)；后世小说中注重选择具有行动性特征的细节来塑造人物形象；同一人物在不同作品中有不同的侧重，呈现出不同的面目；第四章：&类传&结构安排的多样形式，主要有并列分叙、联贯穿插、层叠上升等几种形式；后世小说在情节结构安排上对&类传&的借鉴。

There are some questions such as forest fire model selection, forest fire model updating, verifying simulation accuracy and so on in traditional forest fire spreading system. Study purpose is to build an innovative forest fire spreading simulation system based on DDDAS in this paper. The system can increase precision of forest fire spreading simulation by model base, model selection, model updating and so on. It can provide a strategic decision for forest fire save and new technologies demonstration for other related field of research. The research encompasses several major topics:(1) This paper brings up the term of dynamic data driven forest fire spreading simulation system and supplies new research approach and thought for forest fire spreading simulation study. The system framework was brought.

本研究针对传统林火模拟过程中存在的模型手动选择难度大、模型修正数据获取效率低、模拟精度验证困难等问题，以DDDAS为林火蔓延模拟研究的技术范式，提出林火蔓延模拟全新的技术框架体系，解决模拟系统建设过程中的模型库建设与管理、模型适宜性选择、模型自适应修正、模拟过程实时验证等关键技术，建立林火扩散模拟和实际林火发展之间相互协作、共生的林火扩散动态模拟系统；提高林火蔓延模拟精度，将林火蔓延模拟真正应用到林火扑救指挥过程当中，在实践上为林火扑救指挥提供决策支持，在理论上为相关领域的空间扩散模拟研究提供新的思路和技术范式。

The four models were analyzed and normalized. We studied the procedure and method of building forest fire model base. Model base was build by object-oriented method based on category of model. Forest fire spreading models algorithm were implemented. We designed model dictionary base, model file base, and model knowledge base. Model base administration and maintenance functions were developed and implemented model file management, parameter management and knowledge management. The problems of interface between of model base and database were solved by means of model data control files. Model base ensured the availability of supporting for forest fire model suitability selection technology and forest fire model self-adapting updating technology.(3) Based on BP artificial neural network, we designed a frame construction of forest fire model selection of suitability. Forest fire model selection knowledge was produced through BP artificial neural network.

2建立了林火模型库建设的林火蔓延模型评价标准，根据模型评价标准和试验区实际情况，在42个林火蔓延模型中选择了目前最具有影响力和最具有典型代表性的Rothermel模型、王正非模型、加拿大模型和澳大利亚模型进行了解析和归一化处理；对林火模型库的建库过程和方法进行了研究，在林火模型分类基础上，采用面向对象的模型库表示方法建立了林火模型库；实现了林火蔓延模型算法，设计了模型字典库、模型文件库和模型知识库；开发了模型库管理与维护功能，实现了模型的文件管理、参数管理和知识管理；通过模型数据管理文件解决了模型库与数据库之间接口问题；实现了林火模型库对林火模型适宜性选择和林火模型自适应修正技术的有效支持。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。