性摩擦

The components of the amianthine cat whisker-free friction material of the invention mainly contain binding agent, reinforcing material, frictional property regulating reagent, cat whisker material and fillings, and contain no asbestos fiber, the cat whisker material is adopted to be filled in the friction material to improve the wear resistance of the friction material, protect the environment, and prolong the service life of an arrester gland.

本发明的无石棉晶须摩擦材料其组成为：主要含有粘结剂、增强材料、摩擦性能调节剂、晶须材料及填料，不含有石棉纤维，采用晶须填充在摩擦材料中以提高其耐磨性、保护环境、延长制动器衬片的使用寿命。

Key words:the three dimensional contact problem with friction;nonlinearcomplementary;nonsmooth equations;generalized derivative;nonsmoothmethod;convergence analysis

给出了三维摩擦接触问题的一个非光滑混合不动点模型及算法，这种算法无须求导数，没有引进任何额外变量，并且可视为一种三维摩擦接触问题的迭代法，利用非光滑分析和不动点理论对算法做了分析，给出了算法的不动点理论背景及算法的理论分析，为模型解的存在性及算法收敛性提供分析依据，最后给出了相应的数值算例。

In order to reasonably depict four basic problems with friction, one Coulomb friction new form in first Kirchhoff stress is proposed to deal with finite deformation problems, other Coulomb friction form in incremental mode to elastoplastic flow theory; Hilbert function spaces concerning elastoplastical problems with friction are established, so it makes all operations and calculations in the treatise standardized within the scope of reasonably topologic structure; In view of functional extremum, the equivalence between generalized variational inequalities principles in elastoplasticity with friction and corresponding basic problems are testified by inducing Lagrangian multipliers, so it provides a rationally theoretical basis for numerical methods in elastoplasticity with friction; From the viewpoint of variational inequality, the theory of generalized variational inequalities in elasticity and elastoplasticity with frictional constraint is studied, and the uniqueness and existence of the solution of FEM is proofed under the proposed conditions of stress compatibility, and them FEM approximation and a discrete solution are discussed; Based on the principles of generalized variational inequalities in elastoplasticity with friction, direct generalized variational inequalities methods is pretended, which is a natural generalization and development of direct variational methods; Using generalized variational inequalities methods, some examples in metal forming including plane deformation, upset and extrusion are analyzed and the results prove that all the theories and methods in the paper are right, feasible, accurate and advanced.

主要内容有：为了合理地描述金属塑性成形中摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性基本问题，提出和研究了有限变形下以Kirchhoff第一应力表示的Coulomb摩擦定律形式和弹塑性流动理论下以增量形式表示的Coulomb摩擦定律表示形式；系统建立了摩擦约束弹塑性问题的Hilbert函数空间，使本文规范在一个具有合理的代数拓扑结构内进行一切操作和运算；利用Lagrange乘子，从泛函极值的角度系统地阐述和论证了一系列摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性广义变分不等原理与相应的实际问题之间的等价性，它为处理摩擦约束的弹塑性力学数值方法提供了合理的理论基础；从变分不等式的角度出发，阐述了对应于摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性问题的广义变分不等式理论，首次提出了在应力相容性条件下，它的有限元解具有存在唯一性，进而讨论了其有限元近似及离散解法；基于摩擦约束弹塑性广义变分不等式原理，首次提出了直接广义变分不等式方法，这一方法是直接变分法的合理推广和发展；利用直接广义变分不等式方法对金属压力加工中的平面变形问题、镦粗、挤压等塑性成形问题进行了分析计算，验证了该理论和数值算法的正确性、实用性、精确性和优越性。

The better effect is obtained when fiber is normal to the friction surface.

对该复合材料的干摩擦磨损行为的研究发现纤维的存在使材料耐磨性提高，摩擦系数增大；纤维垂直于摩擦表面时，效果较好。

UHMWPE has regular molecule chain and lower shear strength, so it improved the tribological property of PA66. When the amount of the transferring layer reached a certain value, severe plastic distortion and adhesion wear occurred, and wear resistance of the blends was related to the mechanical property of the blends. Worn microstructure changes with addition of compatibilizer. Soft UHMWPE produced from friction heating has low shear strength, and it improves the tribological property of PA66 during the friction course.

结果表明：加入MAH-g-HDPE相容剂可以使共混体系的相容性得到改善，提高共混物的机械性能；具有平整分子结构的UHMWPE有利于改善PA66的摩擦磨损性能，当摩擦偶件的转移层达到饱和状态后，共混物的耐磨性与其力学性能相关；共混物在摩擦过程中表现出严重的塑性变形和粘着磨损，但在共混体系的摩擦过程中，对摩擦磨损性能起主要作用的是受热软化的UHMWPE在磨损表面形成低剪切强度的界面层，从而使得PA66的摩擦磨损性能明显改善。

The surface morphology of hair root and hair tail were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope.

采用微观摩擦磨损试验机对受损、干性和油性头发的摩擦系数及其发根和发稍的摩擦系数进行测试；通过扫描电子显微镜分析3种不同发质头发发根和发梢的表面形貌。

AFLP marker technique was used to investigate the genetic relationships between 50 accessions of maize and its wild relatives including teosinte, Tripsacum and Coix With twenty one AFLP primer combinations of PstⅠ/MseⅠ, 641 AFLP amplified bands were obtained, including 586 polymorphic bands with an average of 30 52 per primer combination and the polymorphism percentage of 91 4% Cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the data of AFLP showed that the 50 materials could be divided into...

用AFLP分子标记技术对 5 0个有代表性的玉米及其野生近缘种大刍草、摩擦禾、薏苡材料进行了遗传关系分析。利用 2 1个PstⅠ MseⅠ引物组合检出可辨认带共 6 4 1条，其中多态性带 5 86条，平均每对引物得到 30 5 2条多态性带，多态性 91 4 %。聚类分析结果表明，可以将 5 0个材料分为 3大类，与已有的玉米族分类一致，但与玉蜀黍属内的种间和种内分类存在差异，说明大刍草各种内存在较大的遗传多样性。本实验发现玉蜀黍属与摩擦禾关系比与薏苡的关系更近，但并没有发现玉米与小颖玉米亚种比与其他大刍草的遗传关系更近。

But in actual experimental process, the viscous force of friction has influenc in the varying degree to the measurement result when the initial velocity of the slide block is different.

在气垫导轨上做碰撞实验，最大限度地减少了摩擦阻力的影响，但在实际的实验过程中，仍发现滑块的初速度不同时，粘滞性摩擦阻力对测量结果有不同程度的影响，为此在气垫导轨上增加了电子发射装置，较好地控制滑块的初速度和测量滑块的加速度，从而减小粘滞性摩擦阻力对测量结果的影响。

The existing form of boron on the rubbing surfaces is sodium metaborate which can be dissolved in water. The hydration water of so- dium metaborate can reduce the aiitiwear function on Four-ball Machine but enhance its antiwear ability on Timken Tester. The study also revealed that sulfonate dispersant Can reduce the antiwear function of sodium metaborate while succinimide dispersant enhance its antiwear ability.

结果表明，含偏硼酸钠的白油能在摩擦表面形成含偏硼酸钠的表面膜而具有较好的抗磨性，硼在摩擦表面膜中以偏硼酸钠的形式存在，钠和钙的石油磺酸盐型分散剂会降低偏硼酸钠的抗磨性，而丁二酰亚胺类分散剂则能提高其抗磨性。

The results showed that under the given experimental conditions,the surface layer with richiron and poor copper was formed in the surface worn region of the semimetallic friction material,the depth of organic ingredient pyrolysis caused by friction heat in worn surfaces was atout 0.35mm; the semimetallic friction material containing 15%-20%of Cu had better wear-resistance,and can form a even and continuous transfer film of copper; crack peeling was the importantmechanism of the counterpart.

半金属摩擦材料具有摩擦系数稳定，耐磨性好，对环境污染小和对偶件表面损伤小等优点，但其在摩擦热和界面应力等因素作用下，表层会发生弹性变形，塑性变形，元素扩散，组分转移和摩擦化学反应等现象，因此，利用扫描电子显微镜X射线能量色散谱和差热－热重分析，对铜纤维增强的半金属摩擦材料与灰铸铁滑动摩擦表面层的特性作了分析研究，考察了表面层特性对摩擦损行为的影响。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。