怀疑论

But individual human beings have purposes, and there is nothing in agnosticism to cause them to abandon these purposes.

但是对于个体的人生会有目的，而怀疑论没有任何理由要他们抛弃这些目的。

The worry here is that there is always going to be something intellectually unsatisfactory about an antiskeptical proposal that is run along epistemologically externalist lines.18

18下面我们会在怀疑论争论中更为细节地考察认识论外在论和内在论的角色，因为它提出了一些议题，影响了所有的反怀疑论策略，无论是否支持闭合原则。

In general, although the point is not always put in these terms, the complaint is that these recent anti-skeptical approaches offer us, at best, an epistemologically externalist response to skepticism when what we wanted was one that functioned within an epistemologically internalist framework.

一般来说（尽管这个关键点通常不是这样提出的），对这些最近的反怀疑论进路的抱怨是，这些至多是对怀疑论的认识上的外在论回应『 epistemologically externalist response 』，而我们所需要的是要在认识上的内在论框架『 epistemologically internalist framework 』内起作用的回应。

Despite the current popularity of externalist accounts of knowledge, however, one might be less sanguine about the prospects for an externalist response to the problem of radical skepticism. The reason for this is that the skeptical puzzle seems to itself strike against the prima facie attraction of an externalist account of knowledge.

尽管当前流行对知道的外在论说明，一个人依然可以对'通过外在论回应彻底怀疑论'不报希望，这是因为怀疑论难题似乎本身就反击的是对知道的外在论说明。

Provided that one is willing to make the plausible move of construing "eliminate" here in terms of the ability to know the negation of, then one straightforwardly gets the requisite link between infallibilism and (S2) since the skeptical hypothesis in question (whichever skeptical hypothesis it is) will clearly be an error possibility which must be known to be false if the agent is to have knowledge of the ordinary proposition at issue.

假如有人愿意根据'知道否定__'的能力来解释这里的"排除"，那么他就直接在（S2）和不可错论的必要连接，因为怀疑论假说（无论是哪一个怀疑论假说）显然是一个错误可能性（——如果一个人要对相应常识命题有知道，就必须知道其为假）。

The conclusion such arguments hope to draw is not a refutation of some variety of epistemic skepticism via a demonstration of the alternative, but rather a demonstration of the unintelligibility of the skeptical position.

这样的论证所希望获得的，不是通过对其他选项的证明来实现对怀疑论的拒绝，而是证明怀疑论立场的unintelligibility。

In so doing, we will be setting aside concerns discussed by Anthony Brueckner (1994b) and Stewart Cohen (1998c) that skeptical arguments might instead rest upon a different epistemic principle entirely, what they term an "underdetermination" principle.2 Relatedly, we will also be taking a very modern Cartesian understanding of the skeptical argument for granted, and therefore ignoring the emergence of renewed interest in classical Pyrrhonian skeptical arguments by such figures as Williams (1988b) and Robert Fogelin (1994).3 Finally, attention will be confined to those anti-skeptical theories of knowledge which are genuinely capable (given, of course, that they are correct) of meeting the skeptical challenge.

在这样做的时候，我们会把有些有关系的讨论放到一边，例如Anthony Brueckner (1994b)和 Stewart Cohen (1998c)所指出的怀疑论论证可以依赖于不同的认识论原则，他们称为&不确定性原则『&underdetermination& principle』&。[2]相关的，我们也会承认对怀疑论论证的笛卡尔式理解，因此忽略了出现的对古典Pyrrhonian怀疑论论证的重新关注，例如Williams (1988b)和 Robert Fogelin (1994)。[3]最后，也不会去关注这样的反怀疑论理论，这些真正能够和怀疑论挑战交锋。

Christopher Hookway sympathetically describes the impact of MTAs on skepticism as giving us permission to "resist" skeptical doubts by showing we need not take their challenge seriously. 40 This result, he claims, legitimates existing confidence by preventing doubt from arising.

Hookway同情地表达MTAs对怀疑论的影响：允许我们通过指明我们无需认真对待怀疑论的挑战而'抵抗怀疑论的怀疑'。40 这个结果使得通过'阻止怀疑的提出'而'有信心'是legitimate的。

Although Wright does succeed in at least showing how the diagnosis of radical skepticism that the hinge proposition line offers might lead to a refutation of the skeptical argument, a number of problems with his approach remain.

尽管Wright成功指出彻底怀疑论的转轴命题诊断是如何可能提供一个对怀疑论论证的拒绝的，但这个进路还有些问题留了下来。

So either our knowledge ascriptions in everyday contexts are right, in which case we shouldn't take skepticism so seriously in conversational contexts in which skepticism is at issue; or else the skeptic is right, and thus our everyday practice of ascribing knowledge is under threat.

所以，或者我们的知识归属，在日常语境是对的，在这情况下我们不应该（在讨论怀疑论的会话语境中）把怀疑论视为严肃的。或者，怀疑论是对的，于是我们的归属知识的日常实践受到威胁。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。