念珠

Methods Germ tube test, chlamydospore test, CHROMagar Candida and API20 kit system were applied to separate non-Candida albicans strains from Candida albicans. Then PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA from 4 species of common Pathogenic non-Candida albicans (Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis), and the products were digested with the two restriction endonucleases (Msp Ⅰ and Hae Ⅲ) respectively. Results The four isolates consisted of 15 strains of Candida glabrata (7.50%), 7 strains of Candida parapsilosis (3.50%), 5 strains of Candida krusei (2.50%), 2 strains of Candida tropicalis (1.00%).

首先采用芽管试验、厚壁孢子试验、法国科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API20CAUX酵母菌鉴定系统将分离自VVC患者阴道内的念珠菌菌株鉴定到种，然后采用真菌通用引物将4种常见非白念珠菌（包括光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌和热带念珠菌）进行PCR扩增，并选用MspⅠ和HaeⅢ两种内切酶对扩增产物进行酶切分析。

Strains of fungi were detected, among them, 62 (71.3%) were Monilia, 17 (19.5%) mold fungus, and 7 (8.0%) budding fungus. The most common Monilia were Monilia albicans, slick Monilia and Oidium tropicale.

感染菌谱中真菌87株，其中念珠菌62株(71.3%)，毛霉菌17株(19.5%)，酵母菌7株(8.0%)，念珠菌中常见的菌种依次为白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌。

The pathogen analysis displayed that albicans candidiasis easily developed candida anthema, glabirate candidiasis frequently resulted in organ dysfunction, and tropicalis candida led to hemorrhage in some organs.

病原菌分析显示：白色念珠菌主要临床特点为发生念珠菌疹的比例较高；光滑球念珠菌易引起器官功能障碍；热带念珠菌常可致器官水平出血。

Natural monoclonal antikeratin antibody IgM 3B4 can inhibit the adhesion of Candida albicans to the malpighian cells, human buccal epithelial cells and endothelial cells of fetal umbilical vein, and decrease the invasion of Candida albicans due to its inhibitory action on the formation of Candida albicans germ tube,which indicates that natural antibody IgM plays a role in the natural immunity against yeast infection.

单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM 3B4在体外能够抑制白念珠菌芽管形成，能够抑制白念珠菌与人角质形成细胞、人口腔黏膜上皮细胞、胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞的粘附，从而降低白念珠菌的侵袭力，提示天然抗体IgM在机体抗真菌感染的天然免疫中可能具有积极的作用。

RESULTS: It was found that the different concentrations of natural monoclonal anti-keratin antibody IgM 3B4 could inhibit Candida albicans germ tube formation and adhesion of Candida albicans to malpighian cells, human buccal epithelial cells and endothelial cells of fetal umbilical vein.

单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM3B4在体外能够抑制白念珠菌芽管形成，能够抑制白念珠菌与人角质形成细胞、人口腔黏膜上皮细胞、胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞的粘附，从而降低白念珠菌的侵袭力，提示天然抗体IgM在机体抗真菌感染的天然免疫中可能具有积极的作用。

METHODS: The different concentrations of natural monoclonal antikeratin antibody IgM 3B4 were incubated with Candida albicans yeast phase suspension on condition that profited germ tube formation of Candida albicans to observe the action of natural monoclonal antikeratin antibody IgM 3B4 to Candida albicans germ tube formation.And the different concentrations of natural monoclonal antikeratin antibody IgM 3B4 were incubated with the mixed suspenions of Candida albicans yeast phase with malpighian cells, human buccal epithelial cells, endothelial cells of fetal umbilical vein, respectively, to observe the action of natural monoclonal antikeratin antibody IgM 3B4 to the adhesion of Candida albicans to malpighian cells, human buccal epithelial cells and endothelial cells of fetal umbilical vein.

将不同浓度的单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM 3B4分别与白念珠菌酵母相悬液在有利于芽管形成的条件下共同孵育，倒置显微镜下计数白念珠菌总数以及白念珠菌芽管数；将不同浓度的单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM 3B4与白念珠菌酵母相和人角质形成细胞混悬液、白念珠菌酵母相和人口腔黏膜上皮细胞混悬液、白念珠菌酵母相和胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞混悬液共同孵育，分别计数人角质形成细胞、人口腔黏膜上皮细胞、胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞上粘附的白念珠菌数。

Keratin antibody IgM 3B4 specifically against Candida albicans in vitro. METHODS: The different concentrations of natural monoclonal anti??keratin antibody IgM 3B4 were incubated with Candida albicans yeast phase suspension on condition that profited germ tube formation of Candida albicans to observe the action of natural monoclonal anti??keratin antibody IgM 3B4 to Candida albicans germ tube formation.And the different concentrations of natural monoclonal anti??keratin antibody IgM 3B4 were incubated with the mixed suspenions of Candida albicans yeast phase with malpighian cells, human buccal epithelial cells, endothelial cells of fetal umbilical vein, respectively, to observe the action of natural monoclonal anti??

将不同浓度的单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM 3B4分别与白念珠菌酵母相悬液在有利于芽管形成的条件下共同孵育，倒置显微镜下计数白念珠菌总数以及白念珠菌芽管数；将不同浓度的单克隆天然抗角蛋白抗体IgM 3B4与白念珠菌酵母相和人角质形成细胞混悬液、白念珠菌酵母相和人口腔黏膜上皮细胞混悬液、白念珠菌酵母相和胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞混悬液共同孵育，分别计数人角质形成细胞、人口腔黏膜上皮细胞、胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞上粘附的白念珠菌数。

Results Twelve of 34 cases of candidemia were C.albicans,and 22 of 34 cases were non-C.albicans,which were 64.71% in candida monilia.

结果34例念珠菌血症患者中白色念珠菌12例，非白色念珠菌22例，非白色念珠菌感染者占念珠菌属感染者的64.71%。

New antifungal agents have been developed over the past years based on the discovery of many new target sites of Candida albicands. For example, Echinocandins, aiming at the cell wall of Candida albicands, showed strong antifungal activities to fluconazole resistant candidas and fungal biofilm. Moreover, because β-glucan synthase does not exist on the cell membrane of mammalian cells, Echinocandins has a low toxicity and a promising clinical future. Though the mechanism of Histatin is not clear, it has strong activity not only on candida resistant of polyene and azole, but also to Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Cry ptococcus neoformans. Berberine and Ocimum gratissimum L. were also found to have prominent anti-fungi activities.

近年来相继提出了许多抗白念珠菌药物作用的新靶点并成功开发出一些活性强大，疗效确切的抗真菌药，如以真菌细胞壁为靶点开发出棘白菌素类药物卡泊芬净、米卡芬净等，该类药物主要抑制β-葡聚糖合成酶，体外对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌属及真菌生物被膜表现出强大的抗菌活性，又由于β-葡聚糖合成酶在哺乳类动物细胞内不存在，故具有高效低毒的临床效果，是一极具前途的新型抗真菌药；以真菌细胞膜为靶点开发出Histatin类药物，虽然作用机制目前还不完全明了，但其作用不同于临床常用的多烯类和氮唑类，并已经发现Histatin5对两性霉素B和氮唑类耐药的念珠菌有效，并且对非白念珠菌如光滑念珠菌、克柔氏念株菌、隐球菌等也有杀灭作用；通过对植物药物的研究发现黄连素和丁香罗勒Ocimum gratissimum L。

Results 125 of 1226 cases were infected with Candida, the total positive rate was 10.20%, of which 72 strains were Candidal albicans (5.87%), 26 strains were tropical Candida (2.12%), 21 strains were Candidal parapsilosis (1.71%) and 6 other Candida (0.49%). The results of drug sensitivity showed that amphotericin and nystatin were the most sensitive and flucytosine (5-Fc) was the most resistant (54.2%).

结果 1226例患者前列腺液中念珠菌阳性125例，阳性率10.20%，其中白色念珠菌72例(5.87%)，热带念珠菌26例(2.12%)，近平滑念珠菌21例(1.71%)，其它6例(0.49%)；药敏结果显示，药物敏感性最高为两性霉素和制霉菌素，耐药性最高的为5-氟胞嘧啶(54.2%)。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。