心理学的

For a quarter of a century or so, he reminded us in his autumnal years, he used metaphysics and mathematics and with them self-observation, experience, and experiment,"to find the foundations of true psychological insight."

大约在25年的时间里，已过中年的赫尔巴特运用形而上学和数学，运用自我的观察、经验和实验，力图"找到真正的心理学的内涵的基础"。

It introduces the way for knowledge expression in subjective probability terms and makes a further discussion on the significance and methods of horizontal dimensionality and vertical dimensionality of organization knowledge in subjective probability terms.

提出基于心理学的知识定义，分析知识的信念特征；给出基于主观概率表征知识的方法；深入探讨基于主观概率的组织知识的纵向维度分析和横向维度分析的意义及其表征方法。

The fractal theory is discussed used in urban spatial morphology. From the psychologic cognition mechanism aspect, according to cognitive superincumbent process, the indexes system and research frame for quantitatively descriptive urban spatial morphology are constructed.

基于以上研究，笔者探讨了网络分析和特征值分析中的主要指标，即对线状要素描述的主要指标有：方向均值、关联矩阵、邻接矩阵、回路数H、β指数、α指数、γ指数等，对面状要素描述的指标有：圆形率、紧凑度、形状系数、标准面积指数、放射状指数等；并探讨了分形理论在城市空间形态研究中的应用，在此基础上，从心理学的认知机理出发，按照自上而下的认知过程构建了定量描述城市空间形态的指标体系和研究框架。

I don't think you have read ten pages of Spencer, but there have been critics, assumably more intelligent than you, who have read no more than you of Spencer, who publicly challenged his followers to adduce one single idea from all his writings - from Herbert Spencer's writings, the man who has impressed the stamp of his genius over the whole field of scientific research and modern thought; the father of psychology; the man who revolutionized pedagogy, so that to-day the child of the French peasant is taught the three R's according to principles laid down by him.

可是整个的科学研究天地和现代思想都打满了斯宾塞天才的烙印；斯宾塞是心理学的鼻祖；斯宾塞掀起了教育学的革命；因此法国农家孩子们今天才得以按照斯宾塞制定的原则接受到读写算的教育。

This paper will introduce two of the most notable psychological approaches in dealing with Language transfer and set out some attemptable work to shed light on the cognitive approach with multiple examples, both well-known and unknown, from a Sociolinguistic perspective.

再结合该范围的最新研究结果，以大量详实的例子从社会语言学的角度尝试性的说明如何用认知心理学的观点处理语言迁移。这些例子，有的耳熟能详，有的则比较少见，主要出自笔者自身的学习经历。

Essential requests: comprehending the basic concept and theories of consumer psychology, the general law of consumer's psychological activity and personal characters, perfectly and truly know the consumer's behavior which bases on psychology, understand such some important problems of market economy as consumer's psychology with advertisement, consumer's psychology with wares, consumer's psychology with prices, consumer's psychology with saving and investment, and for the more, definitize the psychological reasons of consumptive behavior, make proper management strategy and elevate the management level.

基本要求：了解消费心理学的概念、基本理论，消费者的心理活动和个性特征等一般规律，对在心理学基础上形成的消费行为学有较完整、准确的认识。理解当今市场经济中消费心理与广告、消费心理与商品、消费心理与价格、消费心理与储蓄和投资这些重要问题，从而明确消费行为的心理依据，制定恰当的经营策略，提高管理水平。

So far many achievements have been made in the field of O\'Neill study, especially in the exploration of the autobiographical characteristics of his works,the expressionistic style,the mystical Orientalism of his works and the influence of Freudian psychology as well as his inheritance of the tragic tradition from ancient Greek theatre.

其作品中体现的浓厚的自传性特征，典型的表现主义风格，神秘的东方宗教色彩，弗洛伊德心理学的影响及对其古希腊悲剧思想的继承等等，都是研究者们广泛关注的话题。

The text follows the curricular idea "accelerating the student"s development",basing on developmental rule in body and mind of students in high school, from thepsychology, especially from writing mentality of students, thinking the problems ofcurrent composition teaching reform in high school. Aim at the existent problem incurrent writing teaching by understanding its own rules of composition teachingcombining with internal mind in student"s writing, bringing reforming thoughts ofwriting teaching in high school.

本文遵循&促进学生发展&的课程理念，根据中学生身心发展的规律，从心理学的角度，尤其从是中学生写作心理的角度，探讨中学生在作文过程中的内部心理机制，思考当前中学作文教学面临的问题，进而提出中学作文教学改革的构想。

I would like to argue that the theological concerns endow him with the opportunity to shed new light on the age-old problem of free will. The emphasis on the independence of the will as a faculty of the soul affords Augustine an original understanding of moral agency in moral-psychological teams, which makes him definitely distinctive from the ancient intellectualistic tradition.

奥古斯丁对恶的起源问题的神学关注赋予了他重思自由意愿这一古老问题的契机，他强调意愿作为灵魂能力的独立性，由此从道德心理学的角度对人的道德行为做出了不同於希腊罗马理智论传统的原创性分析。

This thesis is based on how to bring the initiative of both the teacher and the students into full play in the process of foreign language teaching and puts forward the theory of tricombination of pedagogy, foreign language teaching methodology and psychology to put equal emphasis on the nonintellectual factors, such as motives, interest, emotions, determinations, classroom atmosphere and personality as well as the intellectual factors like senses, memorization, thinking and imaginations.

本论文以充分发挥外语课堂教学中教师与学生的主体性为出发点，改变传统外语教学的理论基础&二结合&，提出教育学、外语教学论和心理学的&三结合&，把外语知识、技能的教学纳入符合教学心理规律的轨道，既重视外语教学中的智力因素（感知、记忆、思维、想象等），也不忽视教学中的非智力因素（动机、兴趣、情感、意志力、课堂气氛、个性特点等）。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。