微观研究

Macroscopic instability phenomena of NiTi shape memory alloy are reported during stress-induced martensitic phase transition.The research was focused on the evolution of Lüders-like band due to microscopic phase transition in grains percolating up to macroscopic level by self-catalysis.

介绍镍钛形状记忆合金发生应力诱发马氏体相变时的宏观失稳现象，研究微观晶粒内相变因自催化效应逾渗到宏观水平所表现的类Lüders变形带演化，同步测量应力-应变响应、表面形貌和表面温度，跟踪了不同热-机械复合加载条件下构件力学行为的变化。

The results show that the formation of the shear band is characterized with both strain localization and the localization of the averaged pure rotation ratio. The shear band starts right at the point where the volume strain changes from shrinkage to expansion. The development of these variables are significantly different within or outside of the shear band. Particularly, the stress-strain softening relationship was observed near or within the shear band, while the hysteretic phenomenon takes place outside the shear band. In addition, both the volumetric and deviatoric strains are larger inside than outside the shear band, with the soil being looser in the shear band.

研究表明：砂土剪切带的形成过程即为试样内部应变局部化过程，也为试样内部平均转动率(averaged pure rotation rate， APR)的局部化；剪切带开始形成点也为试样剪缩、剪胀分界点；剪切带内外各宏微观参数变化规律上存在明显的差异，主要表现为近剪切带位置土体及带内土表现为应变软化现象，而距带中心较远土体应力应变关系曲线出现'回滞圈'现象；带内变形量明显大于带外，且带内较带外松散。

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum is an effective tool to investigate the optical and magnetic properties of crystals and complexes doped with transition-metal and rare-earth ions.

电子顺磁共振谱是研究掺过渡和稀土金属离子晶体及络合物的微观结构、光学和磁学性质等的有力工具。

The relationships between strain and stress of several kinds of high strength fibers, such as Kevlar, Twaron and Dyneema were obtained, and the dependence of mechanical properties of fibers on the strain rate was gotten and explained from the microstructures and deformation mechanism of fibers. Then, the damage and failures of plates with the reinforcement of fibers under high velocity impacting were studied experimentally. Based on experimental results, a set of equations was presented to depicted the deceleration of penetrator. The dynamic response of fiber cluster and sandwich were simulated successfully with a new algorithm and code, which was developped by our group. The coupling effect of stress wave and thermal conduction could be considered with acceptable accuracy and CPU time.

其中，获得了以芳纶纤维为代表的7种纤维的动态应力应变关系，从材料微观机制解释了纤维束的应变率相关特征；得到了板材在高速冲击下的能量吸收机理，以及影响能量吸收机制转变的主要因素；发展了一种新型的原位光学测试技术，以之可以测量试件在冲击加载下的变形场及其演化，该技术除了在本项目应用外，还可以对剪切带的萌生演化、孔洞动态扩张规律进行较好的观察，以弥补相关研究中实验证据的缺乏；发展了含热传导的冲击动力学有限元程序，在侵彻、绝热剪切带、脉冲激光诱导结构破坏等问题的分析中得到了较好的应用。

Computer simulation ; Precipitation ; Microscopic phase-field model ;γ'（Ni_3Al） phase ;θ（Ni_3V） phase ; Atomic pictures ; Order parameters ; Coherent elastic strain energy

国家自然科学基金；国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)计算机模拟；沉淀；微观相场模型；γ'相（Ni_3Al）；θ相（Ni_3V）；原子图像；序参数；共格弹性应变能

Chapter 3: The microscopic and macroscopic NLO properties of these condensations of aromatic amine with benzaldehyde derivatives were studied.

第三章：从微观和宏观两个方面研究了四类苯甲醛缩芳胺希夫碱衍生物系列二阶非线性光学材料的性质。

The influence of the microstructure evolution of materials on the strain hardening, the stress and the strain is the key to make metal materials forming by equal channel angular pressing.

研究材料微观组织的演化对应力、应变以及应变硬化等问题的影响，是实现等径角挤压成形技术的关键。

It"s very difficult to standardize these Chinese corporations in a short time since these are many problems and operations against criterion and the causes for that are quite complicated as well. In that case, the research on corporation"s management structure is of special significance. Microcosmically speaking, it provides theoretical guidance the corporation to adopt standard management structure and thus thoroughly improve the quality of listed coronations; Macrocosmically speaking, it not only establishes solid bases but offers power for long, persist and standard development of Chinas capital market.

我国公司治理中出现的问题很多，还很不规范，形成这种现状的原因也很复杂，要想短期得到规范化治理也很困难，在这种情况下，对我国公司治理结构的研究具有不一般的意义，从微观上讲可以为企业采取规范化的治理结构提供理论上的指导和依据，使我国公司的质量得到根本性的改善。

A series of modified polyurethane with different amino siloxane content were synthesized without the presence of organic solvent .

在无溶剂条件下合成了一系列氨基硅油改性聚氨酯，并对材料的力学性能、耐热性、疏水性及微观形态进行了研究。

Finds out sufficient evidence for national research about PBC study, offers new micro-operational reform clue by studying tens of cases happened among listed companies. There are many evidences to prove that the controlling shareholders do expropriations.

通过对数十家典型的上市公司攫取控制权私有收益行为进行案例分析，为国内外关于控制权私有收益的理论研究在现实中找到例证，为企业管理和公司治理活动提出新的微观操作层面上的改革依据。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。