微管

This article introduces the microporous three-dimensional small-opening structure sintered by powder material, discusses the hydraulics characteristic of the narrow passage in the microporous material and the bubble chamber theory and expounds the general 1/3～1/7 empiric rule.

介绍了由粉末状材料烧结而成的微孔管三维孔隙结构，研究了PE烧结管三维孔隙之间的关系，并探讨了微孔管介质内细孔道的水力学特性和泡室理论，对通用的1／3～1／7经验规则进行了解释。

Compared with smooth tube,micro-fin tube has more geometrical parameters that influence heat transfer to different extent.Many scholars has done much work on it,but some research results are different or even contradictable.

相对于光管，微肋管的结构参数相对较多，这些结构参数的变化会不同程度地影响微肋管的换热能力，国内外的很多学者进行了研究，但结论相差较大，甚至完全相反。

The thesis can be divided into five parts as follows: First, the structural characteristics of finned-pipe evaporator are analyzed. After selecting suitable microelement controller, the heat-transfer and mass-transfer processes are analyzed for every microelement under the conditions of dryness, wetness and frostiness. Based on previous equations, some parameters of frostiness are confirmed and the frost-growing model is set up under frost condition. Some hypotheses are postulated and with the help of the equation of mass-conservation, energy-conservation and momentum-conservation, the evaporation model which fits in the dynamic simulation is built, which set a solid foundation for system simulation. Second, the starting and stopping behaviors under disturbed condition are analyzed and calculated by using the dynamic concentrative parameter model, which gives some advice to better prescribe refrigeration system and set theoretic foundation for carrying out automatic control of refrigeration system. Third, the normal running process is analyzed and calculated by means of rational matching theory, which gives some advice on how to better understand the parameter change under steady state and the affection of inlet-parameter on evaporator. Fourth, the simulation software with dynamic characteristic is designed, which can be applied to calculate thernio-parameter of cryogen, air humidity and frost thickness under different initial and boundary conditions, and to carry out dynamic simulation under conditions of dryness, wetness and frostiness, at the same time, to achieve detection and simulation at any stage from starting to stopping.

本文的主要内容如下：1对翅片管蒸发器结构特点进行分析，选取适当的微元控制体，就干、湿和霜工况下对每个微元分别进行传热传质分析，基于经验关系式确定霜的有关参数，对于霜工况下的霜生长建立模型，经适当假设，运用质量守恒、能量守恒和动量守恒方程建立适合动态仿真的蒸发器数学模型，为系统仿真奠定基础； 2对蒸发在大扰动下的开、停机过程，运用动态集中参数模型进行分析和计算，为更好地描述制冷系统运行的全过程奠定基础，同时也为制冷系统实现自动控制提供一定的理论基础； 3对蒸发器正常运行过程，运用动态分布参数和参数间定量耦合的观点来分析和计算，为更好地了解稳态工况下各点参数的变化情况及各入口参数对蒸发器动态特性的影响即蒸发器性能对各参数变化的敏感性； 4编写翅片管蒸发器动态特性仿真计算程序，可以计算不同边界条件和初始条件下的制冷剂热力参数、空气温湿度和霜厚度分布场，实现对翅片管蒸发器在干、湿和霜工况下的动态仿真。

To study the cytopathogenic effect of mycoplasma membrane.the pro- toplasmic membrane of the mycoplasma causing swine enzootic pneumo- nia was prepared by the repeated Freeze-thaw method or the osmotic shock method,and was then inoculated into the rabbit kidney primary tissue cultures for examining their biological activities.The experimental results were as follows:in the cultures inoculated with 25～50μg of membrane protein ,the cytopathogenic effect was considerable.in the cul- tures inoculated with ...

用低渗解体及反复冻融裂解的方法，制备了猪喘气病病原霉形体膜，将所制备的膜制品接种兔肾原代单层细胞，作生物学活性观察，在接种量按蛋白含量计算为25～50微克膜蛋白的细胞管中观察致细胞病变作用，在接种17.5微克膜蛋白的细胞管中作用不明显，接种6微克膜蛋白的细胞管无致细胞病变作用。

In chapter 5, the concept of zero-span tension known in papermaking area is for the first time introduce to wood science area to explore in-tree variation of longitudinal tensile strength of tracheids and its main influencing factors. In chapter 6, composite micromechanics and classic laminated theory are used to make a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the main influencing factors of mechanical properties of tracheids cell wall. Some experimental results acquired in the foregoing chapters are explained successfully. Results were summarized as follows: Mechanical characteristics of wood at micron scale: 1 At micron scale, the longitudinal mechanicai behavior of wood microtome section differs greatly from that of wood with normal size.

论文的第2章首先研究了微米尺度下木材的力学特性，为后面运用木材微切片拉伸技术奠定一定的理论基础；在第3章，首次考虑到了微米尺度下木材力学性质的尺寸效应，并运用木材微切片正常间距拉伸技术研究了管胞纵向弹性模量的株内变异规律；在第4章，首次利用纳米压痕技术中最新发展起来的连续刚度测量法直接在管胞细胞壁上进行纳米级的压痕实验，测量次生壁S〓层的纵横向弹性模量和硬度，从而把细胞壁力学的研究提高到一个更高的水平；在第5章，首次把造纸领域的零距拉伸技术引入木材科学研究领域，研究了管胞纵向抗拉强度的株内变异规律及其主要影响因素；第6章则运用复合材料细观力学的基本理论和经典层板理论对影响细胞壁力学性能的主要因素进行了全面而系统的分析，并为前几章的一些实验结果提供理论上的解释。

The staining of F-actin in the ischemia reperfusion group was decreased significantly （P.05） compared with the normal control group. There was a marked loss of canalicular microvilli and distension of canalicular lumen in the ischemia reperfusion group. The staining of F-actin in the LA group was significantly increased than those in the I/R group （P.05）. Conclusions: Ischemia reperfusion induces an disruption of bile canalicular F-actin microfilaments and a loss of microvilli. Alpha-lipoic acid can protect bile canalicular F-actin microfilaments against IRI.

肝脏I/R可造成胆小管F-actin微丝破坏、微绒毛丧失，导致胆小管收缩减弱，胆汁排泄功能受损，这可能是大鼠肝脏I/ R后缺血型胆道病变发生的主要机制；α-硫辛酸通过清除氧自由基，降低脂质过氧化反应，调节细胞内氧化剂-抗氧化剂的含量，保护胆小管F-actin微丝结构免遭缺血再灌注损伤破坏，进而预防和治疗缺血型胆道病变。

In small intestine, AKP activity was mainly distributed over four areas of epithelial cells: cytomembrane, cytoplasm, microvillus and the carbohydrate-riched cell coat. In liver, it was mainly located in canaliculi. In kidney, it mainly existed in such zones as brush border and memebrane of epithelial cells of proximal tubule, and cracks between kinds of tubules.

AKP活性在小肠主要分布在小肠绒毛上皮细胞的细胞膜、细胞浆、微绒毛和微绒毛表面的糖衣上，在肝主要分布在胆小管，在肾主要分布在皮质肾小管，尤以近曲小管的刷状缘、近曲小管上皮细胞膜和各种管状结构之间的腔隙内分布较多。

What was observed under a light microscope included: tumor cells were mulberry and micropapillaryshaped or it was of glandule tubular arrangement; there was obvious interspace between cancer nest and neighboring areas; micropapillary was empty of fiber blood vessel axes; immunohistochemical staining showed EMA positive location was both at outward surface of glandule duct and at micropapillarylike cancer nest.

光镜下特征性表现为肿瘤细胞呈桑椹状、微乳头状或小腺管样排列，癌巢与周围间质形成明显的空隙。微乳头缺乏纤维血管轴心。免疫组化染色EMA阳性部位在癌细胞巢团或微乳头状、腺管的外表面。

What was observed under a light microscope included: tumor cells were mulberry and micropapillary shaped or it was of glandule tubular arrangement; there was obvious interspace between cancer nest and neighboring areas; micropapillary was empty of fiber blood vessel axes; immunohistochemical staining showed ema positive location was both at outward surface of glandule duct and at micropapillary like cancer nest.

光镜下特征性表现为肿瘤细胞呈桑椹状、微乳头状或小腺管样排列，癌巢与周围间质形成明显的空隙。微乳头缺乏纤维血管轴心。免疫组化染色ema阳性部位在癌细胞巢团或微乳头状、腺管的外表面。

First, we adopt MEMS technology to fabricate micro venturis with different widths of 150 and 200 um respectively and utilize FLUENT software to analyze the flow fields. Air was set as the working fluid and the air mass flow rate of inlet is changed to obtain the pressure drop between inlet and outlet. When a flow passes through the throat, the backflow results in the symmetric separations occur and grow with the increase of mass flow rate.

在微文氏管的研究部分，首先利用微机电制程技术制造出两种不同尺寸的微文氏管，宽度分别为150及200微米，开口角度各为45°，总长则为10 mm，再以空气作为工作流体，利用不同质量流率来量测微文氏管进出口的压力差并配合FLUENT软体分析观察其流场分布的情况。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。