微生物

Microbialites can be subdivided into different types based on macro sedimentary fabrics and carbonate microfacies, including the laminated microbialite, stromatolite, clotted microbialite, digitate and domed microbialites.

根据不同地区微生物岩在宏观沉积构造和碳酸盐岩微相组合上的差异，可进一步划分为层纹状微生物岩、叠层石微生物岩、花斑状微生物岩、树枝状微生物岩及弯窿状微生物岩。

Content: Pure cultivation of microbes and microtechnique, cell structure and function of microorganism, nutrition of microbes, metabolism of microbes, reproduction of microbes and its control, microorganic genetics and gene engineering, microbial ecology, evolution, phylogenesis, classification, microbial industry and products.

课程内容：微生物的纯培养与显微技术；微生物的细胞结构与功能；微生物营养；微生物代谢；微生物生长繁殖及控制；微生物遗传及基因工程；微生物的生态；微生物进化系统发育和分类鉴定；微生物物种多样性；微生物传染与免疫；微生物工业及产品。

Food microbiology covers the following topics: the distribution and zoology of pathogenic microorganism and the microbe that can cause putrescence of different foods, the theory and methods of restricting their growth and preserving food, their application in food fermentation, detected and identifiedmothods, the quality assure system and related technology, such as HACCP, hurdle technology and the standard developed by International Commission of Microbiological Specializations on Food .

课程简介：食品微生物学主要是讨论介绍各类食物中常发现的腐败与病原性微生物的分布与生态特征，及为限制其繁殖而形成的各种食品保藏方法及其原理；微生物在食品发酵中的应用及发酵原理；现代微生物检测和鉴定方法；讨论HACCP、栅栏技术及国际食品微生物标准委员会等制订的食品微生物标准等质量保证体系和方法。

The main results are: construction of Tarim desert highway shelter-forest promoted soil microbial development, and with increase of plantation time of the shelter-forest, the quantity, fatty acid diversity index of soil microbe and diversity index of bacterial DNA segment enhanced notably. As to soil microbial community structure, bacteria are dominant population with amounting for over 80% of total soil microbe, and fungi is not more than 1% of total soil microbe, but soil microbial community structure was different among three soil layers. The conclusions from study methods of conventional culture, biological marker and molecule biology were almost identical, which illuminates that construction of Tarim desert highway made soil microbial activity enhance and so promote nutrient cycle and utilization of Tarim desert highway shelter-forest land.

结果表明，塔里木沙漠公路防护林的建设促进了风沙土土壤微生物的发育，随着防护林定植年限的增加，土壤微生物数量、脂肪酸和细菌DNA片段的多样性指数明显增大；土壤微生物区系组成中，细菌是优势类群，占微生物总数80%以上，而真菌很少，不到微生物总数1%，但在不同土层间有所差异；传统培养法与现代生物标记和分子生物学方法对塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物多样性的研究结果基本一致，说明塔里木沙漠公路防护林的建设使林地土壤生物活性有所增强，有利于林地土壤养分循环与利用。

The citric acid-producing strain Aspergillus niger 2363-2, was isolated and used in our research. The fermentation conditions were optimized as follows: sucrose as carbon source 8. 0-14. 0%, ammonium chloride as nitrogen source 3. 0-4. 0g/l, initial pH 2. 0, and cultural temperature 30℃. The influential factors of formation of spores were also studied, and a series of measures were taken to restrain the spore formation on the basis of our experimental results. With the consideration of the cultural environment and microbial cell itself, the factors affecting the duration of citric acid-producing activity of microbial cells were examined, and it is found that undissociated citric acid and the ageing of microbial cells are the main factors. The experimental results also show that partial replacement of fermentation broth can lengthen the duration of citric acid -producing acitivity of microbial cells.

筛选出了用于试验研究的柠檬酸发酵用菌Aspergillus niger 2363-2，确定了其最适发酵条件—碳源选用蔗糖，浓度8.0~14.0%，氮源为NH〓Cl，浓度3.0~4.0g/l，发酵初始pH值为2.0，培养温度30℃；讨论了分生孢子产生的影响因素，并通过试验提出了抑制分生孢子产生的措施；从分析微生物所处的环境和微生物本身两个方面出发，探讨了影响微生物菌体产酸活性持久性的因素，认为分子态柠檬酸和菌体本身的老化是影响微生物产酸活性持久性的两个主要因素，并提出采用部分置换发酵液发酵能延长微生物菌体的产酸活性。

Wood Vinegar is a natural material that is distilled from wood. It is compose of organic acid and hydroxybenzene , Various dosage of wood vinegars, pyrolignerous acid and guaiacol were mixed into organic manure firstly in this experiment, and then, the above said organic manure are separately added into soil. Under the analysis of the amount of the edaphon, adding 10g wood vinegar to 1kg organic manure and 30kg soil can much active the edaphon effectively in a short term and make a maximum rising extent of edaphon numbers.

木醋液是从多年生柞木中经过高温蒸馏出来的纯天然物质，其主要成分是有机酸和酚类物质，为了明确木醋液和主要成分对土壤微生物的作用，将加入不同剂量的木醋液、愈创木酚、醋酸的有机肥施入土壤，观察土壤中微生物数量的变化，结果表明：在1kg有机肥中加入10g木醋液，施入30kg土壤中，土壤微生物数量增加幅度最大，土壤微生物10天内被有效地激活；同时，当在1kg有机肥中木醋液的添加量高达50g时，对土壤微生物有一定的抑制作用。

The aerobic bacteria andtotal microorganism were the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter;Theactinomycetes was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter;The rhizospherefungi was the highest in autumn and the lowest in winter, the non-rhizosphere fungi was the highest in spring and the lowest in winter.The average microorganism"s R/Sof four seasons in Eucalyptus grandis plantation is 1.40,the aerobic bacteria"s averageR/S of four seasons is 1.40,the actinomyeetes"s average R/S of four seasons is 1.40,thefungi"s average R/S of four seasons is 1.41.The uprightness distribution rule ofrhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microorganism in Eucalyptus grandis plantationwere the same,the trend is surface layer(0-20cm)＞middle layer(20-40cm)＞underlayer(40-60cm).Compared with the amount of microorganism in 2004, the amount ofmicroorganism in 2006 had a definite drop.

好气性细菌及微生物总数量秋季最高、冬季最低；放线菌数量春季最高、冬季最低；真菌数量根系土壤秋季最高、冬季最低，根外土壤春季最高、冬季最低；巨桉人工林三大类微生物四季的平均R／S值1.40，好气性细菌四个季度平均R／S值1.40，放线菌四个季度平均R／S值1.40，真菌四个季度平均R／S值1.41；巨桉人工林两样地根系与根外土壤微生物垂直分布规律一致，土壤微生物三大类及微生物总数量的垂直变化总的趋势是表层(0～20cm)＞中层(20～40cm)＞下层(40～60cm)；相比较2004年土壤微生物数量，2006年三大类数量及微生物总数均有一定程度的下降。

The result indicated that, although microorganism from paddy soil could directly reduce Cr, the reduecing rate and efficiency were limited; the higher Cr concentration was, the less reducing ability the microbial showed; the microbe from different paddy soils had different effects on Cr reducing abilities; The reducing ability of the microbe from Sichuan paddy soil was higher than that from Jiangxi paddy soil. Cr added could be rapidly reduced in paddy soil under anaerobic incubation, moreover, the process of dissimilatory iron reduction of soil could obviously promote the Cr reduction. The existent of Cr could delay the appearance of Fe; the higher Cr concentration was, the later Fe appeared. The delayed time of Fe appearance was in accordance with the ending time of Cr reduction.

结果表明，由水稻土中提取的微生物虽然能够直接还原Cr，但其还原速率和还原程度有限，且Cr浓度越高，微生物的还原能力越差；不同来源的上壤微生物对Cr的还原能力有所差异，其中四川水稻土中微生物对Cr的还原能力均大于江西水稻土；在厌氧培养的水稻土中，添加的Cr可以较迅速地还原，其中土壤氧化铁的微生物还原过程对Cr还原具有明显的促进作用；Cr的存在导致Fe生成的时间出现滞后，目Cr浓度越大生成Fe的滞后时间越长；Fe产生滞后的时间与Cr还原结束的时间具有一致性。

Form、structure、characterization and function of prokaryotic、eukaryotic and molecular organisms;②nutrition and cultivation techniques of microorganisms;③physiological and metabolizable production of microorganisms;③theory of genetic variation and microbic breeding technique of microorganisms;⑤ecology and environmental protection of microorganisms;⑥Infection、 Immunity and biologics of microorganisms;⑦classification and identification of microorganisms and the international Code of Nomenclature of microorganisms.and microbial high-techs developing on these as the fundament of life sciences.

主要讲授：①原核微生物、真核微生物及分子生物的形态、结构、特点和功能；②微生物的营养和培养技术；③微生物生理及代谢产物；④微生物遗传变异理论和育种技术；⑤微生物生态和环境保护；⑥微生物传染、免疫和生物制品；⑦微生物分类鉴定和国际命名法则，以及在此基础理论上发展起来的微生物高新技术，是当代生命科学研究的基础。

The results show that Cd2+ for Pistia stratiotes and Myriophyllum spicatum L root-like effects of microbial flora with the microorganism or physiological groups, training time and Cd2+ concentration varies; Micro-organisms under Cd2+ stress would have two distinct effects: First, the growth of micro-organisms are not suited to reduce the number or extinction; Second, the growth of micro-organisms adapt to an increase in the number or the accumulation.

结果表明，Cd2+对大薸和穗状狐尾藻根系微生物的影响随微生物区系或生理类群、培养时间和 Cd2+浓度的不同而不同；受重金属镉胁迫后微生物会产生两个明显的效应：一是不适应生长的微生物数量会减少或灭绝；二是适应生长的微生物数量会增加或积累，在低浓度下，重金属对微生物数量一般有刺激作用，而在高浓度下一般为抑制作用，也有表现出刺激作用。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。