微尺度

At present international admiral is in measure of 1 ～ 100nm inside exceed small grain and its compact aggregation, and the material that by accept Mi Weijing makes is appellative material of the rice that it is accept, its include a variety of pulverous material such as metal, metalloid, organic, inorganic and biology.

目前国际上将处于1～100nm尺度内的超微颗粒及其致密的聚集体，以及由纳米微晶所构成的材料通称为纳米材料，其包括金属、非金属、有机、无机和生物等多种粉末材料。

In the initial stage, there is little ice particles, and the rain water form mainly through the collection of cloud water and auto-conversion process. In the growing and mature stage, both the cold and warm rain processes are important. The collections of rain water and graupel with cloud water and the melting of graupel are very important to the rain water. Graupel grows mainly through riming cloud water and colleting snow.

在上述成功模拟的基础上，又对γ中尺度对流系统作了探讨发现，γ中尺度对流系统在不同发展阶段的微物理机制不同：初生阶段时，冰相粒子含量较少，雨水的增长以暖雨过程为主，即依赖碰并云滴和云雨自动转化形成；发展和成熟阶段时，冷雨和暖雨过程并存，雨、霰碰并云水和霰的融化对雨水的形成非常重要，霰主要通过淞附和霰碰并雪增长，雪主要通过淞附增长。

The effects of half expansion angle , expansion ratio and boundary conditions on performance of 2D micronozzle with half throat heitht 34 were numerically studied.

本文数值模拟喉部半高为34μm的二维微喷管，分别分析了固定进口及固定喉部尺度下扩张角、扩张比以及滑移边界条件对微喷管性能的影响，发现最佳半扩张角在20°-22°之间，而最佳扩张比为7。

Theobserved strain is 10~2 times as local point strain at the same observed stress.This indicates that macroscopical symmetrical rock is quasi-brittle materialwith microcosmic heterogeneousness and its macroscopical mechanicalbehavior is the results of reciprocity and magnification between microcosmiccharacteristic, not simple sum.(4) The degree of irregularity of strain increases with the number of cycle.But degree of irregularity of transverse strain fluctuates larger at the samecycle. Moreover degree of irregularity of transverse strain is larger than that ofaxial strain. This shows that deformation and failure of rock is process ofevolvement of small crack. Small crack evolves from even and out-of-orderstatus to heterogeneous and ordinal status.(5) Ultrasonic speed decreases with the number of cycle. The decreasecourse is such: Firstly, ultrasonic speed fluctuates in a steady scope in somecycles; And then ultrasonic speed quickly decreases to a certain more smallvalue; Afterwards in succedent cycles, ultrasonic speed fluctuates about thevalue. That is to say, ultrasonic speed fluctuates and decreases at intervals ofcycles. In deformation process of rock, quantitative change and qualitativechange of its small crack evolvement carry through crosswise.(6) Strength and modulus of rock decrease with exponential function asscale of specimens increases.

同一表观应力下，局部点应变与表观应变相差可达2个数量级，表明宏观上均匀的岩石是具有细观特征的准脆性材料，其宏观力学行为是细观特征相互作用、放大的综合结果，而不是简单的叠加；(4)岩样轴向应变不均匀程度和横向应变不均匀程度随循环次数的增加渐进增大，但是在同一个循环内，横向应变离散系数随应力的变化波动较大，且同一循环级别下，横向应变不均匀程度大于轴向应变不均匀程度，表明岩石内部微裂纹的演化是岩石变形破坏的本质特征，这一演化表现为微裂纹从均匀无序分布逐渐向非均匀有序发展；(5)随循环次数的增加，所有岩样内部超声波速会出现衰减，衰减过程表现为在某几次循环内超声波速在某一相对范围内波动，然后急剧减小到某一较小值，在随后的循环内，超声波速又会保持在这一较小值附近波动，即超声波速表现为波动和急剧减小间隔形式衰减，表明从宏观看来平稳的岩石变形过程，内部结构演化过程(微裂纹发展及其相互作用)却表现为均匀量变和突发质变不断交叉进行的现象；(6)岩石强度和弹性模量随尺度增大呈指数函数规律减小。

Using coupling model M4RC3 and improved MM4, a dust storm and a snow storm were simulated respectively. The effects of radiation parameterization and microphysics parameterization on development of dust storm and snow storm mesoscale system were discussed. Dynamical and thermodynamical diagnoses were also carried out to study the developing mechanism on the systems.

用耦合模式M4RC3和引入三相云显式降水方案后改进和发展的中尺度模式MM4分别对西北地区黑风暴和暴雪进行了数值模拟，讨论了模式中辐射参数化和微物理过程参数化对与黑风暴和暴雪相伴的中尺度系统演变的影响，并对这些系统发生、发展的机制进行了动力学和热力学诊断。

The characterization of modified surfaces were explored by contact angle measuring meter and atomic force microscopy,the tribological properties of samples in nanometer and millinewton scale were measured by friction force microscopy and CETR UMT-2 tribometer. The effects of ultraviolet radiation,sliding velocity and load on tribological properties of samples were analyzed.

在铝、钛金属薄膜和铝、镁、钛及钛合金上制备自组装分子膜，使用接触角测量仪、原子力显微镜对改性的表面进行表征，使用摩擦力显微镜和微摩擦磨损试验机对试样在纳米尺度和毫牛尺度下的摩擦学特性进行测试，分析了紫外照射、滑动速度、载荷对试样的摩擦学特性的影响。

It is shown that the Nix-Gao relation between the microindentation hardness and indentation depth holds for all the six indenter angles. The effect of friction is negligible for relatively flat indenters (e.g., Berkovich indenter), but may be significant for sharp indenters (e.g., cubic indenter).

结果表明：对于包含尺度效应的微压痕问题，压头角度的减小可以显著提高微压痕硬度，Nix-Gao模型能够很好地描述压头角度变化对微压痕硬度的影响。

In this thesis ,a new technique for studying the mechanical behavior of nano-scale thin metal films on silicon substrate is presented. The test structure was designed on this novel "paddle" cantilever beam specimens with dimensions as few hundred nanometers to less than 10 nanometers.

中文摘要由於半导体产业及微机电产业之蓬勃发展，并且其尺度线宽已达到微-奈米等级之下，因此，本论文提出了一项新的研究奈米尺度下金属薄膜材料之机械行为的构想。

Micrometer scale gear was manufactured by new micro-precision casting technology based on metal mold, and its hardness and elastic modulus were measured by nanoindentation.

摘 要：利用新的金属型微精密铸造工艺制备微米尺度的ZnAl4微齿轮铸件，并用纳米压痕仪测试微铸件的硬度和弹性模量。

Miniaturisation relies on functional structures and devices of micro and nanometer dimensions.

微小型化依赖于微纳米尺度的功能结构与器件，实现功能结构微纳米化的基础是先进的微纳米加工技术。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。