微尺度

Numerical tests are also conducted to investigate the microphysical effects to the mesocale convective systems. The evaporation of raindrops can strengthen the surface "cold pool" to decease the temperature of rainfall center. The condensation of vapor can lower the air pressure and increase the convergence and updraft so that the convective echo develops stronger. The melting of graupel can cool the air to restrain the convective activity. The falling of precipitation particles can increase the downdraft and induce the outflow nearly the surface. The effect of condensation is the most important among all the microphysical processes. It can change the whole structure of cloud system.

微物理过程对对流系统发展和维持有重要作用：强降水的雨滴蒸发过程会加强"冷池"效应，同时增强了雨带南侧原有的地面中尺度辐合线；凝结潜热在低层诱发了与回波相应尺度的中尺度低压，增强了辐合和上升运动，促进对流发展；霰的融化吸热通过冷却大气会不利于气压下降、气流辐合抬升等过程，降低对流不稳定能量，减缓对流发展；重力拖曳使气块冷却降温，降低对流不稳定能量，并且使低层的气压升高、气流辐散，在近地面附近产生出流，加强地面中尺度辐合线的强度。

The nonlinearity and discrete gradient inherited in CAViaR model is a conundrum for parameter estimation. We take the asymmetric Laplace distribution with scale parameter as the error process; indicate the variance has a minimum positive value when the scale parameter is a constant, conflicting with the distribution of real financial data. Further we estimate the parameters of indirect TARCH-CAViaR model base on Bayesian framework and Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The optimal scale parameter can also be obtained by Markov chain Monte Carlo method.

CAViaR一般模型中递归分位回归方程的非线性和非连续可微性是参数估计的一个难题，基于含有尺度参数的不对称拉普拉斯分布作为误差过程，指出将尺度参数固定为常数会导致不对称拉普拉斯分布随机变量的方差存在最小正值的限制，与实际金融数据分布不符；进而提出采用贝叶斯分析和马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗模拟方法，估计间接TARCH-CAViaR模型的参数，并可获得尺度参数的合理估计。

In chapter 5, the concept of zero-span tension known in papermaking area is for the first time introduce to wood science area to explore in-tree variation of longitudinal tensile strength of tracheids and its main influencing factors. In chapter 6, composite micromechanics and classic laminated theory are used to make a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the main influencing factors of mechanical properties of tracheids cell wall. Some experimental results acquired in the foregoing chapters are explained successfully. Results were summarized as follows: Mechanical characteristics of wood at micron scale: 1 At micron scale, the longitudinal mechanicai behavior of wood microtome section differs greatly from that of wood with normal size.

论文的第2章首先研究了微米尺度下木材的力学特性，为后面运用木材微切片拉伸技术奠定一定的理论基础；在第3章，首次考虑到了微米尺度下木材力学性质的尺寸效应，并运用木材微切片正常间距拉伸技术研究了管胞纵向弹性模量的株内变异规律；在第4章，首次利用纳米压痕技术中最新发展起来的连续刚度测量法直接在管胞细胞壁上进行纳米级的压痕实验，测量次生壁S〓层的纵横向弹性模量和硬度，从而把细胞壁力学的研究提高到一个更高的水平；在第5章，首次把造纸领域的零距拉伸技术引入木材科学研究领域，研究了管胞纵向抗拉强度的株内变异规律及其主要影响因素；第6章则运用复合材料细观力学的基本理论和经典层板理论对影响细胞壁力学性能的主要因素进行了全面而系统的分析，并为前几章的一些实验结果提供理论上的解释。

Although seismic waves traveling through the Earth act as a low_pass filter and smooth out some small indeterministic components, those statistic in other words self_organized features exist underground.

中型和大型尺度结构构造分区性，使得地球内部介质地震波速度表征出大尺度的确定性模型，而小尺度上微孔和裂隙的存在会导致地震波速度分布的随机扰动，即自组织模型。

For the microscale?ows, the relaxation time is vary with the local kundsen numbers.

由于在微尺度下，松弛时间是局部变化的，它是由局部的Kn所决定。

In the seventh chapter, 3500mm heavy and medium plate mill screw-down drive thread pair dynamic twist micro-dimensional behavior is discussed, and the statically determinate position control method is given out.

第七章论述3500mm中厚板轧机压下传动螺纹副轴线错移和交叉微尺度行为及静定定位控制法。

Modern rolling mill running with heavy-duty and high-speed, due to resolve rolling mill roller bearing longevity shortenning and burning problem,against the traditional thoughts of "random phenomenon" and "offsetting roll system position", the new thoughts of relation between rolling mill 1mm~1um micro-dimensional behavior and load characteristic of rolling mill roller bearing and screw-down drive thread pair, is developed.

现代轧机在重载、高速运行中，对轧机设计理论无法解决的轧机滚动轴承短寿烧损难题，挑战&随机现象&和&偏移距辊系定位&学术成见，开辟了探索轧机辊系1mm～1μm微尺度行为与轧机滚动轴承和压下传动螺纹副承载特性有关的新思路与方法。

Micro and nanoscale inorganic structures refer to materials that have relevant dimensions on the nanometer and micrometer length scale.

微尺度结构的研究与发展涉及到三个关键方面：合成与组装、性能表征、应用开发。

Microminiaturization of characteristic scales makes flow behavior of polymer melt in micro-channel different from that in macro-channel, some factors, which could be neglected in macro flow, may become important roles in micro scales.

特征尺寸的微小化使得流动通道中的聚合物熔体的流动行为不同于宏观流体，宏观流动中可被忽略的因素，可能成为微尺度下的主要影响因素。

In this paper,gas micro-flows in transition regime have been investigated by lattice Boltzmann method.

采用格子Boltzmann方法对过渡区内的微尺度气体流动进行了模拟研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。