形状

In this paper, the sine and cosine shaped sensors have been designed by using the integral characteristics of PVDF piezoelectric film. The sine PVDF sensor can be used alone to measure the displacement, speed, acceleration, stain, stress of the roof beam vibration; the cosine PVDF sensor can be used alone to measure the angular displacement and shear of the roof beam vibration; by using them jointly , the structural intensity can be measured for the roof beam without any finite differential error.

本文利用PVDF压电薄膜独特的积分特性，设计制作了正弦形状和余弦形状传感器，它们单独使用，正弦形状的PVDF传感器可以用来测量梁振动的位移、速度、加速度、应变、应力、弯矩；余弦形状的PVDF传感器可以测量振动梁的角位移和剪力；配对使用它们，可以用来测量梁的结构声强，用它们测量结构声强时不会产生有限差分误差。

All characters that have been used to delimit more narrowly defined species in other treatments of Chinese Clethra exhibit a strongly continuous pattern of variation from west to east across the range of the species in China (i.e., leaf size and shape, the number of secondary veins on each side of the midvein, anther size and shape); they also exhibit geographically correlated or seemingly random patterns, but without correlated gaps in character states among any two or more characters (i.e., style pubescence, corolla abaxial surface, stamen exsertion).

用来界定更狭窄定义的中国的Clethra的其它种的全部特征，从中国种的分布区的西部到东部，展示了一种强烈的连续变异的样式（如，叶大小和形状，中脉每边次脉的数目，花药的大小和形状）；他们还展示出地理分布的相关或好像随机的样式，但是在任何2或更多特征状态间没有相关的特征间隔（如，花柱被短柔毛，花冠背面、雄蕊伸出）。叶大小与形状，在中脉，花药大小与形状的每边次脉的数量；也的他们展览好象地理上有相互关联或随机模式，但是没有有相互关联特征差距在任何2 特征或更多中说明即，花柱短柔毛，花冠背面，雄蕊exsertion。

Analyzing and simulating of the deformation law of the ceramic downspout product after overcoming the shortage of powder material models in the software of MSC. MARC. It shows out the important effects of various factors and the shape of mandril during the process. And it is obvious that the shape of the top mandril has more effects on the process than the bottom.(3) Showing out the important effects of model figure on the flowing of powder and the forming of low-density fields from the analysis. After changing the top of the mandril into spherical shape, an improving model is putting out so that the distribution of stress and strain turns to be even and proper and that the flow rule of powder grains is better.(4) Calculating of the dimensional precision and the cutting ratio of the product and analyzing of the effects of such factors as rubber aging, loading process, mandril, friction etc. on the cutting ratio.

MARC存在的粉末材料模型方面的设计缺陷后，对连铸水口粉末成形件的变形规律及影响因素作用进行了模拟分析，指出芯棒形状对成形件的变形有较大影响，并且芯棒顶部形状与芯棒底部形状相比，对粉末变形有更大影响；(3)分析了成形件出现低密度区域的原因，指出模具形状对粉末流动以及粉末成形件低密度区域的形成有重要作用，提出了密度分布优化改进模型：改进模具顶部形状，并将芯棒顶部设计成球面后，粉末成形件顶部区域的应力、应变分布更加均匀、合理，粉体颗粒流动情况明显改善，低密度区域明显缩小；(4)计算了成形件的尺寸精度及切削率，并指出除模具形状的影响外，充填密度、橡胶模具老化、加载工艺等其他因素对总体切削率也有相当的影响。

Beyond the analytical study of the vesicle shape, Surface Evolver which is a powerful software to simulate two-dimensional surface is used to do the simulation about the shape of closed and opening-up vesicles.

在对膜的形状作解析研究之外，我们还用了软件，Surface Evolver一种适合于研究各种形式能量下的二维膜形状的摹拟研究，来摹拟闭合的与开口的膜形状，得到棒状、三叶星鱼、四叶星鱼、碗状等已在磷脂泡膜和红细胞的临床观察中被发现的形状。

This project studies the scale-dependent deformation behavior of the metal matrix composite, the void nucleation and void growth mechanisms at the micron/submicron scale. The main results are:(1) In prophase, growth and coalescence of the void embedded in the graded matrix are analyzed in detailed;(2) Based on the infinite solid model containing a micro-void, coupling effects of the void shape and the void size on the void growth are studied carefully, the results show that it seems to exist a critical equivalent void radius, which is associated with the material length. When radius of a microvoid is close to or smaller than the critical void radius, the micro-void growth rate is essentially eliminated;(3) The coupling effects of the particle shape and size on the mesoscopic stress fields within the particle and matrix are also investigated by introducing the conception of inclusion/matrix interfacial energy. The results show that the stress concentration factors within the particle and on the matrix/particle interface are also strongly size-dependent,so the void nucleation mechanism is size-dependent.(4) By employing a specific orthogonal curve coordinate frame and a 'kernel function' conception, a 'unified method'solving the spheriodal and spherical void problems is suggested; by this unified method, size-dependent plastic potentials of the porous materials containing the spheriodal or spherical voids are obtained, which extend the traditional Gurson model for the spherical void and GLD model for the spheriodal voids to the micron scale.(5) Based on the RVE model containing the spheriodal or spherical particles, the influences of the particle shape and size on the size-dependent mechanical behavior of metal matrix composite are studied.

中文摘要：本项目对金属基复合材料在微细观尺度下的尺度相关变形行为、孔洞形核及长大的机理和模型进行了研究，取得了如下主要结果：1）在前期研究中，探讨了基体的梯度分布对孔洞长大和聚合的影响；2）基于含孔洞的无限大体模型，探讨了孔洞形状和孔洞尺寸对其长大的耦合作用，结果表明：可能存在一个与材料特征长度相关的临界孔洞尺寸，当椭球孔洞的等效半径小于临界孔洞半径时，孔洞的长大受到明显抑制；3）通过引入基体/夹杂界面能的概念，分析了夹杂尺寸、夹杂形状对材料细观应力场的耦合影响，结果表明：颗粒内部和界面上的应力集中因子强烈地依赖于夹杂的尺寸和形状，因此，孔洞的形核机理是尺寸相关的；4）采用一种特殊的正交曲线坐标系和引入"核函数"的概念，"统一"地得到了含椭球和球形孔洞的材料的尺寸相关塑性势，它将传统的Gurson球形孔洞模型和GLD椭球孔洞模型推广到微尺度范围；5）基于含椭球和球形夹杂的体胞模型，初步研究了夹杂形状、夹杂尺寸对金属基复合材料尺寸相关力学行为的影响。

Models of pentahedron, hemisphere, spherical cap quantum dots as well as the combinations of the quantum dots of plane, pentahedron and spherical cap are set up.

建立金红石TiO_2(001)面五面体形状量子点、半球形状量子点、球缺形状量子点以及平面、五面体和球缺组合形状量子点的点阵模型。

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes our researches on two key techniques in curve and surface modeling-the geometric approximation techniques and the geometric interpolation techniques. The former includes three types of geometric approximation techniques: Hybrid polynomial approximation to rational curves and surfaces, offset curves and surfaces approximation, interval Bézier curves and surfaces approximation. The latter includes a series of algorithms for shape blending modeling: the MSI algorithm for shape blending between space polylines or trees, the MSI algorithm for shape blending between triangular meshes, and skeleton-based shape blending algorithms using triangular decomposition and star-shape decomposition.

本文是作者对曲线曲面造型中两类核心技术几何逼近技术和几何插值技术的研究成果的总结，其中前者包括有理曲线曲面的Hybrid多项式逼近、等距曲线曲面逼近和区间曲线曲面逼近等三类几何逼近方法；后者包括用于形状混合造型的几何插值方法的一系列算法：空间多边形形状混合的MSI插值算法、三角网格形状混合的MSI插值算法、树的形状混合的MSI插值算法以及基于骨架树形状混合的三角剖分算法和星形剖分算法。

The main results in this paper as follows: First, a prototype of a shape-based image database retrieval system is completed, it can receive the query mode both by giving an example image and by sketching the desired object on the screen, Second, five shape-based image retrieval methods are realized; Third, an algorithm based on triangulation for shape-based image retrieval is brought forward. In this algorithm, firstly, the edge of the original image is followed and the candidate corners in the original image are detected. Then the counterpoints of the candidate corners in the result of edge follow are found, and the boundary corners whose counterpoints have been found are queued in the order of their counterpoints in edge follow. After these steps, the boundary corners are triangulated and triangles are obtained which can show the true shape of the original image. Finally, shape feature is obtained by calculating the angle histogram of the triangles.

同时本文中主要完成了以下三方面的工作：完成了一个基于形状特征的图象检索的原型系统，可实现例子图象或徒手绘草图两种查询方式；实现了五种利用形状特征进行图象检索的具体方法，并对其进行了分析比较；并且在继承将三角剖分引入形状检索的思想基础上提出了利用三角剖分进行形状检索的一种新算法：先对原图象进行边界跟踪和角点检测；然后寻找初始角点在边界跟踪中的对应点，并对找到对应点的角点按其对应点在边界跟踪中的顺序进行排序；再对排序后的角点进行德洛内三角剖分，得到能表示目标真实形状的三角形序列；最后计算三角形序列的角度直方图作为形状特征，并进行相似性匹配。

A new method was developed for design of the composite material flywheel with high speed. In this paper ,the method of optimization of shape design for the composite material flywheel with high speed was put forward on the base of the analytical method and research optimization of shape design, and established the models of density optimization of energy and light mass.These models were used to design two typical composite flywheels with high speed in hybrid electrical vehicle flywheel battery and the stress level and convergence on the flywheel were got .Then a new way was developed for optimization of shape design of the composite material flywheel with high speed.

在此基础上对高速复合材料飞轮进行了形状优化设计，将复合材料有限元分析方法和优化设计技术相结合，提出了复合材料的形状优化的方法，分别建立了以高速复合材料飞轮的以储能密度最大为目标函数的形状优化模型和以质量最轻为设计目标的形状优化模型，并以混合动力客车飞轮电池中高速复合材料飞轮作为具体应用，使其在满足强度条件和几何约束条件下，分别寻求其最大储能密度和最轻质量，从而为高速复合材料飞轮的形状优化设计提供参考依据。

This paper studies the effect of consequent post heat treatment on the mechanical property and shape memory ratio of the welded TiNi joints in TiNi shape memory alloy precise pulse resistance butt welding,analyzes the joint structures and fractographies affecting mechanical property and shape memory ratio of welded joint by using strength testing, SEM and TEM, gets the optimum welding parameters obtaining good shape recovery ratio welded joint, and has discovered the inherent reason for proper consequent post heat treatment to promote the joint shape recovery ratio from microcosmic point.

摘 要：采用拉伸测试、SEM、TEM和定点成分能谱分析等手段研究了随机后热处理对TiNi形状记忆合金精密脉冲电阻对焊焊接接头力学性能、形状恢复率的影响，并对影响接头力学性能和形状恢复率的接头组织和形貌进行了研究，得出了获得具有较高形状恢复率接头的焊接参数，从微观角度揭示了随机后热处理提高接头形状恢复率的内在原因，为TiNi形状记忆合金的开发和应用提供了基础，具有重大的理论和实际应用价值。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了