形成主义

His conception of nature,his imagination theory,his poetry and song creation all have close relation to his supernaturalism concept,the factor which is forming his supernaturalism theory is very complicated,from Germany philosophy to British tradition philosophy,from ancient Greece literature to 19 centuries literature,he is absorbing these nutrition unceasingly.

他的自然观，他的想象理论，他的诗歌创作等都与其超自然主义观念有着密切的关系，而形成这种超自然主义的因素又是复杂而多面的，从德国哲学到英国的传统哲学，从古希腊文学到19世纪文学，他不断吸收着这些营养，又不断地把它们融入自己的血液。

The career education thought came into being in 1970s and new vocationalism came into being in 1990s hav.

产生于70年代的生涯教育思想和90年代的"新职业主义"对"职业主义"进行了反思与重构，并通过全国范围的改革对传统职教体系与模式形成了有力冲击。

Almost all the schools of psychology, appearing after the establishment of Wundt experimental psychology, except postmodern psychology, belong to modernism, including not only mainstream psychology, but also the humanist approach in psychology.

后现代主义取向的核心是社会建构主义，其主要特征为：(1)批判的倾向，对现代心理学的理论基础进行解构；(2 )把社会建构论作为认识论的基础；(3)促进心理学实践的四个转变。尽管两种倾向形成鲜明的对照，但两者也存在着一些共同的方面，从而构成了超越两者的基础。

By intensified contact with Nagy and Gropius, Alvar Aalto, a master of Nordic architecture and design improved the technique and method of design, added human kindness, humanism and softened characteristics into modern functionalism with tradition and rationalism in harmony, and promoted the forming of unique Nordic functional furniture design.

因而北欧建筑及设计大师阿尔瓦·阿尔托通过与格罗庇乌斯及纳吉深入交往，在现代功能主义设计原则的基础上对设计工艺及手法进行改良与提高，融入了人情化、人文化和柔性化的特点，令传统与理性并行不悖，并形成独具特色的北欧功能主义家具设计风格。

The shaping of New Cultural History has three main sources in the theoretical and methodological aspects, that is, British New Marxist history and French Annale history school, Post-Modernist cultural criticism and Historical Narratism, and Cultural Anthropology.

新文化史在形成过程中，主要吸收了三个方面的理论和方法———英国马克思主义史学和法国年鉴派史学、后现代文化批评和历史叙述主义、文化人类学。

The Enlightenment trend made three inclinations come into being, such as the empiricism, the rationalism and the ethic of sensibility. Because of the three inclinations, the Enlightenment trend had three types of modes. In England where the empiricism prevailed, the narrative literature which emphasizes realism came into being. In France where the rationalism prevailed, the argumental literature which emphasizes thinking came into being. And in the influence of the ethic of sensibility, different kinds of lyric literature came into being.

启蒙主义包括经验主义、理性主义和情感伦理这三个方向，它影响启蒙主义文学形成了三种基本的书写模式：在经验主义盛行的英国，产生了重写实的叙事型文学；在理性主义盛行的法国，产生了重思考的议论型文学；而在情感伦理的影响下，则产生了不同形式的抒情型文学。

Starting from the discussion of historical conditions for the school coming into being and the background of world trend of thought, the chapter expounds the interaction between New Western historiography and Marxist historiography, which is the important academic premise for the emergence and development of the British Marxist historiographic school led by Hobsbawm.

从学派形成的历史条件及其发展的国际思潮背景入手，阐明西方新史学与马克思主义史学之间的交互作用和相互影响，这是以他为代表的英国马克思主义史学派产生与发展的重要学术前提。

Contrary to what has been understood, this essay seeks to demonstrate that universalism and particularism reinforce and supplement each other; they are never in real conflict; they need each other and have to seek to form a symmetrical, mutually supporting relationship by every means in order to avoid a dialogic encounter which would necessarily jeopardize their reputedly secure and harmonized monologic worlds.

作者不仅曝露形成这个分裂的发言位置，他还拆解所谓的西方与东方之统合性，因为正是这个说法才使得前述之发言位置，得以持续。一般认为普遍主义与特殊主义实乃水火不容，本文的论点与此相反，它试图展示，此二者相互强化，彼此补充而从未真正有所冲突；二者相互需要，亟欲结合成为自成格局，互为奥援的关系，如此，二者方始能够闪躲对话，因为双方若经对话，势必危及它们各自栖身之安全的、和谐的独白世界。

The new data and the new thought of contemporary system science recomprehend the Marxist philosophy,make it carry forward and realized to surpass tradition.It guides the ontology the system dialectics,the information epistemology,and the sytem theory of value,the system conception of history,and the system conception of life and so on with a series of brand-new philosophy investig...

以当代科学技术革命的带头科学——系统科学的新资料、新思想，重新理解马克思主义哲学的思想本质，使其在新的条件下发扬光大，并实现对传统的超越，就引导出系统本体论、系统辩证法、信息认识论、系统价值论、系统历史观、系统生命观等一系列崭新的哲学进行探索；并逐步形成马克思主义系统哲学的理论建构。

Social constructivism is a branch of constructivism which holds that knowledge and reality are created by social relationships and interactions.

社会建构主义是建构主义的一个分支，它认为知识与现实是通过人与人之间互户作用所形成的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。