形态学

Based on morphological and biological studies, 36character transformation series of 10 species of the genu Apanteles Foerster and 2 species of the genu Dolichogenidea Viereck were recognized. Through analysis of character polarity using the method of outgroup analysis, two and multiple character data matrixe were obtained. The data is analysed through PHYLIP(Phylogeny Inference Package, version 3.6) software based on the method of cladistics, a majority rule consensus tree and a strict consensus tree constructed at last.

在本研究中，描述了10个种，做出了中国绒茧蜂属Apanteles Foerster种类雌蜂检索表，以绒茧蜂属的10个种作为内群，以长颊茧蜂属Dolichogenidea的2个种为外群，基于形态学和生物学分析建立了36个性状演系列，通过外群比较法，得到一个由二性状和多性状数据矩阵，再用phylip(系统发育推断软件3.6版)处理数据矩阵，最后得到一个多数规则合意树和一个严格合意树。

In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Chinese Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, while ascertain or confirm the phylogenetic placements of all ten Chinese endemic genera by means of morphology, cytology and molecular systematics.

本研究综合形态学、细胞学和分子系统学等多学科的手段和方法，以中国芹亚科为重点研究对象，集中探讨中国芹亚科类群的系统演化关系同时确立中国伞形科10个特有属的系统学位置。

To understand the degeneration of unfertilized aposporous embryo sac in an aposporous species Pennisetum squamulatum, the central cell in the unfertilized embryo sac was characterized ultrastructurally.

为理解植物无孢子生殖胚囊未受精条件下的退化，对无孢子生殖植物非洲狼尾草未受精成熟胚囊中央细胞退化做了细胞形态学研究。

Plasma levels of diamine oxidase and serum levels of interleukin-8(IL-8) were measured at different time points including before shock, 2h ,6h and 24h after successful resuscitation of shock. Ileum tissue at 5 cm away from approximal ileocecal portion was removed and the change of morphology , distribution of lymphocyte , count of PMN and villous height, width and surface area were examined and measured.

在休克前、复苏成功后2h、6h、24h 取外周血，测定血浆二胺氧化酶含量及血清白介素-8(IL-8)水平；取距回盲部近端5cm 处回肠组织进行光镜组织形态学观察，淋巴细胞分布检测和多形核中性粒细胞计数，并测量回肠绒毛高度、宽度和表面积。

Most of previous segmentation approachs make use of the surface curvatures or the approximative polynomial coefficients which are very sensitive to noise, but the mathematical morphological operations are robust, so another main advantage of our scheme is its good noise immunity.

以前的大多数分割方法都使用表面的曲率或近似多项式的系数，表面的曲率或近似多项式的系数的计算对噪声很敏感，而数学形态学运算具有较好的抗噪声性，因此我们的方法的另外一个优点是它具有良好的抗噪声性能。

A systematic method has been established for primary cultivating of cortical neurons. Observations indicated that the cortical neurons were affixed to the culture after 4h, and the nerve cells had 1-2 small processes. The Nissl's staining results show that the purity(≥92%) of the cortical neurons rose apparently on days 3 and 6 post-beginning of culturing with Ara-C inhibition. The MTT experiment show that the viability of the neurons was the highest,and they are oval,araneiform and pyramidal and formed an integrated neural network on day 6 post-beginning of culturing.

光学显微镜观察结果表明，培养至第4h绝大多数神经元已贴壁生长，胞体上可见1~2个细小突起；培养至第3d、第6d时，Nissl's 染色结果显示，加Ara-C能显著提高神经元纯度（≥92%）；MTT结合形态学观察结果表明，神经元培养至第6d时活性最强，细胞呈卵圆形、蜘蛛状、锥体状等多种形态，细胞胞体饱满，光晕明显，神经网络形成完整。

Objective:To provide morphological basis for investigating the relationship between the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the hypertension.

目的：为探讨弓状核与高血压的关系提供形态学基础。

There are no distinct differences between ancestral character state and descendant character state in some characters. 4. Only one outgroup can't give enough information to tell what the ancestor looks like. It make us not to understand how a lot of charactors evolved. 5. The matsutake group is polyphyletic. 6. The character coding is not precise enough. 7. Some characters are not homology. The result of molecular systematic study on the matstuake group shows the group is not monophyletic. The matsutake group is more closed to Tricholoma than Armillaria. ITS sequence of Catathelasma ventricosum is nearly identical to that of the matsutake group, although apparently they are very different from each other in morphological characters.

对松口蘑群通过形态学特征进行系统发育关系分析造成很大的干扰的原因有：松口蘑的种类大多形态特征比较简单，可提供进行分析的特征不多；某些性状在一些状态之间的反复转化，造成分析上的误差；在进化过程中某些性状无明显的祖征和衍征，在分析过程中很难确定进化极性；选择外群时应该用一个特定类群进行整体理解后，确定各个性状的极性，不要只用单种作为外群；松口蘑群是一个多系群；进行比较的性状不一定是同源的；数量性状编码过于粗放，反映不出真实的情况。

To evaluate the arrenotokous toxic action and the related mechanism of TDI,the tissue diversifications of testes at the level of morphology and enzyme were observed and the effect on content of RNA/DNA in arrenotokous cells was evaluated.

为评价甲苯二异氰酸酯的雄性生殖毒性，观察了吸入染毒TD I后，睾丸组织的形态学上和酶水平的变化，以及对生殖细胞RNA/DNA含量的影响。

Methods INUS was used to measure the position, quality and the thickness of the plaque in the elastic artery and biopsy materials. After using HE and Hart stains, a micrometer was used to measuse the thickness of plaques and arterious walls.

以IVUS技术探测粥样斑块的位置、性质和大小，取材后进行HE、Hart法染色，用测微尺测量血管壁及斑块厚度，然后进行量化分析，辅以电镜技术观察病变的形态学改变。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。