形式语言

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

Especially, avant-garde writers instroduce various new and sophiscated forms, such as"metafiction","gaps","double-voiced text"and"defamiliarized narrative language", of western contemporary literary trend into their texts so as to provide polysemany for and enrich Chinese contemporary literature By sorting out the above theories and careful reading of some texts, we can draw the following conclusions: in terms of ideology, avant-garde novels start form the unique literary features, opposing the interference of non-aesthetic factors with literary art and emphasizing the unique aesthetic values of literature itself.

尤其是先锋作家将西方现代文学思潮的各种先进的形式实验引入文本，比如&元小说&、&空缺&、&双重本文&以及&陌生化的叙述语言&等等，并以此提高了中国当代小说写作的多义性和丰富性。

However, Liber Abaci was written in the Latin language of literature, so it is difficult to understand for researchers, specifically for Chinese scholars, to whom more difficult plus the lack of the original documentation.

但长期以来该书只有拉丁文本，加之全书以语言表述数学的形式，数学史界对此书缺乏完整而系统的研究，特别是中国学者苦于缺乏原始文献，以及阅读拉丁语的困难，只能通过一些通史性文献和原著选录中的片段进行初步研究。

This paper, based on the analysis of typical examples, discusses the language characteristics of English business contracts from the perspectives of literary words, technical terms, archaisms, loanwords, juxtaposition of synonyms and hedging.

它对译者提出了一定要求，译者进行国际商务翻译时，在掌握翻译的一般标准之后，结合国际商务合同的语言特点和形式要求，应坚持两个标准：一是准确严谨；二是规范通顺。

After comparative reading, the author of this thesis discovers: the two works both involve journeys, adventures in plots; both protagonists, the Monkey King loved by Chinese readers and Huck cherished by the American people, are quite similar in rebellion, freedom-pursuing, humor, and diction, etc.; informal languages and buffooneries are both partially employed as to type of writing; social evils, corruption are revealed as to social significance; both the Monkey King and Huck who emerge onto stage rebellious and antisocial make certain compromises back into society in the epilogues.

费恩历险记》中在美国人心目中是真正的美国人和英雄的少年哈克在叛逆性格、对自由的勇敢追求以及活泼打趣的语言等方面都有诸多相似之处；二者在语体文格方面均有很多类似的插科打诨和诙谐幽默；两部作品在社会意义方面都不约而同地反映了当时社会的阴暗面和腐败面等；最后，两部小说又很相似地通过其充满了叛逆和抗争精神的第一主人公，齐天大圣孙悟空和英雄少年哈克，以&妥协&和回归社会的形式收场。

Euphemisms and taboos are important forms in language use, and play important roles in interpersonal communication.

委婉语与禁忌语是人们使用语言的重要形式，在人际交往中起着重要的作用。

Though the Waddington and von Bertalanffy programs have not been confirmed in the typical accomplishments and representations in molecular biology in general, and molecular genetics in particular, there are interesting advances that fall between those searches for broad theories couched in mathematically precise differential equation form, and the narrow classes of mechanisms, usually described in qualitative multilevel causal language, that constitute the vast majority of current biomedical explainers.

朋友，追加点分如何？虽然Waddington和冯Bertalanffy节目在分子生物学和分子遗传学的典型的成就和表示法未一般来说，被证实特别是，有下跌在那些查寻之间以数学上精确微分方程形式横卧的宽广的理论的有趣的前进和在定性多重原因语言，通常描述的机制狭窄的类，构成绝大多数的当前生物医学的解说员。

Meanwhile in some magazine or other I happened to see serialized Zheng Zhenduo ' s translation of Tagore ' s Stray Birds. Tagore ' s lyrics make use of forms from folk poetry and song. Their language is both simple and beautiful, has a strong musical quality, and is deeply imbued with his love for the Indian people.

这时我偶然在一本什么杂志上，看到郑振铎译的泰戈尔《飞鸟集》连载，（泰戈尔的诗歌，多是采用民歌的形式，语言美丽朴素，音乐性也强，深得印度人民的喜爱。

China art song pays great attention at the same time with our country's national language, the national makings and the national emotion expression agrees with, chinese poetry literature, chinese folk song tune sentiment fusion, on the other hand, foreign art songs from the performance of the approach, which has formed a chinese national and the characteristics of foreign-style in the form of rich and colorful.

中国艺术歌曲一方面注重与我国的民族语言、民族气质和民族情感表达相契合，将中国诗歌文学、中国民歌曲情融合，另一方面则借鉴外国艺术歌曲的表现手法，从而形成了具有中国民族特色和外国风格的丰富多彩的形式。

There can be, if I forbode aright, no power, short of the Divine mercy, to disclose, whether by uttered words, or by type or emblem, the secrets that may be buried in the human heart.

如果我的预感不错的话，除去上天的仁慈，没有什么力量，无论是通过讲出来的语言或是任何形式的标志，能够揭示可能埋在一个人心里的秘密。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。