彝语

Chapter six"Ma Xueliang's study in Yi language: explaining the sutra with the vulgar tongue":As the pioneer of the study in Yi language, Ma is the first person, on the basis of master Yi language, did the overall indagation of Yi language systematically with the scientific method and academic study attitude in terms of linguistic.

作为彝语研究的拓荒者，马学良是第一个在精通彝语的基础上从语言学的角度，以科学的方法和学术研究的态度来对彝语进行全面系统调查研究的学者。

Volume 1 includes Tibetan, Qiang language, Jingpo language, Burmese branches of Tibeto-Burman family, Volume 2 the languages belonging to Yi language branch, Volume 3 the languages belonging to Dong-Tai family, Volume 4 Miao-Yao language family, Austronesian and South Asia language, Volume 5 Turkic family and Tajik, and Volume 6 Mongolic family, Manchu-Tungusic language family and Korean.

其中藏缅语族的藏语支、羌语支、景颇语支、缅语支语言合订为卷一，彝语支语言合订为卷二，侗台语族语言合订为卷三，苗瑶语族、南岛语、南亚语等合订为卷四，突厥语族和塔吉克语合订为卷五，蒙古语族、满-通古斯语族和朝鲜语合订为卷六。

He has published over fifty articles, including "The Origin of Noun Classifiers in Yi,""Bilabials and Long Vowels in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Plant Nouns in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Yi Color Terms,""Semantic Analysis of Yynuo Yi Animal Nouns,""Semantics: A Focus of Interdisciplinary Research,""Concepts and Types of Bilingual Education,""Bilingual Education in Yi Districts of Liangshan, China,""Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Liangshan Yi Areas," and "Inheriting and Developing Traditional Education in Minority Areas is the Basis for Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Minority Areas."

发表有《彝语名量词的起源层次》、《彝语义诺话的撮唇音与长重音》、《彝语义诺话植物名词的语义分析》、《彝语颜色词的语义分析》、《彝语义诺话动物名词的语义分析》、《语义学：多学科研究的焦点》、《双语教育的概念及其分类》、《中国凉山彝族地区的双语教育》、《凉山彝族地区现代教育的改革与发展》、《继承和发展少数民族传统教育是发展民族地区现代教育的基础》等论文五十余篇。

He has published over fifty articles, including "The Origin of Noun Classifiers in Yi,""Bilabials and Long Vowels in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Plant Nouns in Yynuo Yi,""Semantic Analysis of Yi Color Terms,""Semantic Analysis of Yynuo Yi Animal Nouns,""Semantics: A Focus of Interdisciplinary Research,""Concepts and Types of Bilingual Education,""Bilingual Education in Yi Districts of Liangshan, China,""Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Liangshan Yi Areas," and "Inheriting and Developing Traditional Education in Minority Areas is the Basis for Reform and Development of Contemporary Education in Minority Areas."

发表有《彝语名量词的起源层次》、《彝语义诺话的撮唇音与长重音》、《彝语义诺话植物名词的语义分析》、《彝语颜色词的语义分析》、《彝语义诺话动物名词的语义分析》、《语义学：多学科研究的焦点》、《双语教育的概念及其分类》、《双语教育研究二题》、《中国凉山彝族地区的双语教育》、《凉山彝族地区现代教育的改革与发展》、《继承和发展少数民族传统教育是发展民族地区现代教育的基础》、《少数民族高等教育的概念、特征及其分类》、《试论少数民族高校的学科建设和专业建设》、《试论少数民族高等教育与少数民族地区社会发展的关系》、《建设世界一流的民族大学、提升中央民族大学的核心竞争力》、《目标、差距与启示——关于建设世界一流民族大学的若干思考》等论文五十余篇。

On the one hand Ma indagates Yi language with the modern linguistic theory and method; on the other hand he combines the research on Yi's sutras and the background of Yi's social culture.

作为彝语研究的拓荒者，马学良是第一个在精通彝语的基础上从语言学的角度，以科学的方法和学术研究的态度来对彝语进行全面系统调查研究的学者。

On the one hand Ma indagates Yi language with the modern linguistic theory and method; on the other hand he combines the research on Yi's sutras and the background of Yi's social culture.

马学良一方面用现代语言学的理论与方法调查研究彝语，另一方面又把彝族典籍研究和彝族的社会文化背景结合起来，&经俗互释&，既为彝语语言学研究开辟了一条新的途径，也进一步确立了彝族研究学术的专门化和学术研究的自觉意识。

Population of 278,000 (1990). The use of Naxi language belongs to Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Yi branch.

人口27.8万（1990）。使用纳西语，属汉藏语系藏缅语族彝语支。

The flood myth among the ethnic group of Yi-Language is large in amount and great in importance of the Tibeto-Burman languages, especially the flood myth among the ethnic group of Yi-Language kept in their Genesis epic that not only has great literary and artistic value but also contains large amount ancient historical and cultural information.

在藏缅语族中，彝语支民族的洪水神话数量最多，也最为重要，特别是保存在创世史诗中的彝语支民族洪水神话，不仅具有较高的文学艺术价值，而且还蕴涵着大量古代的历史文化信息。

The academic significance and the applied value of research into Yi structural auxiliary words include the following: 1. The structural auxiliary words play an important role in Yi grammar. Many problems in Yi syntax could be solved if the special features of Yi structural auxiliary words were understood. 2. The study of Yi structural auxiliary words may provide a foundation for a theoretical framework of function words and clarify the rules for the development of Tibeto-Burman languages. 3. The study of Yi structural auxiliary words may help in the study of Chinese grammatical history. It can supply some useful clues in the study of Chinese structural auxiliary words and the historical evolution of Chinese grammar.

彝语结构助词研究的学术意义和应用价值在于：1、结构助词在彝语语法中占有重要的地位，认清了彝语的结构助词特点也就解决了彝语句法的大部分问题。2、彝语结构助词的研究有助于建立藏缅语族语言虚词理论框架，弄清藏缅语族语法手段的发展规律。3、彝语结构助词的研究有助于汉语史的研究，可以对汉语结构助词和汉语语法历史演变的研究提供许多有用的线索。4、彝语结构助词的研究还会对彝语文的规范和教学、双语教育、翻译出版等起到有益的作用，具有实际应用的价值。

Though there is not apparent social division of labor in traditional Yi society, handicraft production has developed to certain extent and weighed a lot in the life of some groups, such as "HongYi" in Xueshan, called "lagou" in Yi language, who cast ploughshares as a secondary occupation, and "GanYi" in Longjie, called "guo" in Yi language, who made bamboo articles for generations.

虽然彝族传统社会没有明显的社会分工，但手工业已有一定发展，并在一些支系的生产活动中占到很大比重，如威宁雪山的彝族支系&红彝&，彝语称&腊苟&，解放前大部分以铸铧口为副业；龙街一带的&干彝&，彝语称为&果&，世代以编制竹器为业。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。