当事人

The expert inside course of study expresses, alleged " the network is violent ", it is to show the netizen is right without the network incident that confirm or has confirmed, publish have aggressive, incendiary sex and speech of contumelious inconsistent with the facts, cause party reputation to damage; The individual privacy in making public party reality to live, violate its privacy right; And undertake behavior or harrass of opinion on public affairs to the normal life of party and its relatives and friends, cause the behaviour that its right is damaged.

业内专家表示，所谓"网络暴力"，是指网民对未经证实或已经证实的网络事件，发表具有攻击性、煽动性和欺侮性的失实言论，造成当事人名誉损害；公开当事人现实生活中的个人隐私，侵犯其隐私权；以及对当事人及其亲友的正常生活进行行为或言论侵扰，致使其权利受损的行为。

A pleader may either state as a cross-claim against a co-party any claim that the co-party is or may be liable to the cross-claimant for all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the cross-claimant; or move for judgment for contribution against any other joint judgment debtor, where in a single action a judgment has been entered against joint tortfeasors one of whom has discharged the judgment by payment or has paid more than his pro rata share thereof.

在单一诉讼中，针对共同请求人中一人已经通过清偿履行判决或者支付了超过其按份份额的判决，诉讼当事人可能既可以陈述作为针对共同当事人交叉请求的任何关于共同当事人任何应该或者可能应该对针对交叉诉状提出的交叉诉讼中的全部或者部分负责的请求；也可以关于针对任何其他共同判决债务人的分摊判决的动议。

After over 100 years development since its coming into force, this system has extended to help litigants to understand the law applicability process for the Judge and work in coordination to discover the"law"for cases hearing through the publicity of the Judge's evaluations of evidence , from the Judge giving hints to the litigants to rectify imperfect statements and declarations and make up for the disadvantages caused by the nominal equality of litigants under dialecticism and the principle of discretion.

从产生以来，经过一百多年的发展，从一开始的提示当事人修正有瑕疵的声明和陈述，弥补辩论主义和处分权主义下当事人形式平等的种种弊端，扩展到通过法官心证的公开，使当事人了解法官的法律适用过程，协同发现审理案件的"法"。

In civil proceedings,procedural justice principle requires court to protect the equal position of parties,not only to inactively treat both parties but also to help weak party by using "attacking and defending methods".

在民事诉讼中，程序正义原则要求法院保障当事人诉讼地位平等，不仅应消极对待双方当事人，而且要积极辅助在"攻击防御方法"掌控上出于弱势的一方当事人。

A loan contract is a contract by which one party, the lender, is obliged to provide the other party, the borrower, with credit of any amount for a definite or indefinite period, in the form of a monetary loan or of an overdraft and by which the borrower is obliged to repay the money obtained under the credit, whether or not the borrower is obliged to pay interest or any other kind of remuneration the parties have agreed upon.

借贷合同指一方当事人有义务向他方当事人提供一定额度的信用，该信用得为定期的亦或不定期的，得为货币形式亦或透支形式，而借用人有义务返还在该信用下取得的货币的合同，而不论借用人是否应支付利息或者当事人约定的任何其他形式的报偿。

People look on the question differently in nineteenth and twentieth century. FromField Code in 1848 to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938 different systemsabout joinder of parties are established in legislature and judicial practice, but thediscussion continues behind it, and how to join parties is still a problem which has notassured answers.

在当事人合并制度方面，19世纪和20世纪对这一问题的认识是不同的，从1848年的Field法典到1938年的联邦民事诉讼规则，立法和实务虽然确立了不同的当事人合并制度，但其背后却在延续着争议，如何合并当事人仍是一道没有确定答案的难题。

In the contract signed and sealed by both parties the book is very important, not signed and sealed by both parties, the parties can not ultimately confirm the consensus on the content of the contract, the contract also can not prove that the establishment of effective, however, the parties ...

在合同书中双方当事人的签字盖章是十分重要的，没有双方当事人的签字盖章，就不能最终确认当事人对合同的内容协商一致，也就不能证明合同的成立有效，但是，双方当事人。。。

It's necessary of a lawyer to sketch a plan to communicate with clients prior to the court, then adjust the plan in the court due to the situation in court. The plan just made in court, or totally no plan at all just follow the instruction of client, are both not wise choice for lawyer, specially some clients do not appear in court, which make it difficult for client to understand the situation in the court, beside client's request in most cases contents emotional factors, all above may totally undermine a possible settlement.

但是律师必须自己先制定一个方案，提前和当事人进行沟通，再根据庭上的情况进行方案的微调，不能等到庭上后，再现制定方案，或者一贯传达当事人的意见，尤其是在当事人不到庭的情况下，其实其并不了解庭审情况，往往对对方当事人抱有成见，提出的要求有泄愤的成分。

Therefore, depecage shall be adopted. The following rules are suggested: 1the existence, scope, duration and transferability of copyright and the unlawfulness in copyright infringement shall be governed by the law of the place where the works are effectively used. 2 Initial ownership of copyright works shall be governed by lex originis except works for fire, which should be governed by the laws that govern the employment contracts. 3 Contractual aspects of transfer of copyright through exploitation licenses or assignment should be governed by the laws chosen by the parties; in absence of choice, they shall be governed by the law of the country with which the contract is most closely connected (based on characteristic performance). 4 The legal consequences of the infringement shall be governed by the law expressly chosen by the parties; in absence of choice, it shall be governed by the law of common place of residence or main place of business; in absence of above common place, it shall be governed by the law of the country most closely connected.

因此，在具体的版权纠纷中，应当根据案件的性质做出具体的识别，相对应的，版权冲突规范也应当采用分割制的方法，现总结并建议采用下面的规范，即：1版权的客体、权利范围、保护期、可转让性和版权侵权行为构成依版权有效使用地法；2版权的初始归属依作品来源国法；但是雇佣作品的初始版权归属依调整雇佣合同的准据法；3版权的转让和许可合同适用依当事人选择的法，如果当事人没有选择，根据特征履行适用与当事人和合同有最密切联系的法；4版权的侵权责任问题应当依有关当事方明示选择的法律；如果当事人未做出选择，应当依据当事人共同的住所或者主要营业地法；如果没有当事人共同的住所或者主要营业地，应当依与当事人有最密切联系的法。

In this paper I compare and study of pre-trial preparation outside the civil system and inspect the reform on the judicial practice and development of the system of pre-trial preparations of the thread, try to improve our pre-trial preparation process to find a feasible path, and the corresponding theoretical ideas. The main ideas are: First, in building a well-prepared pre-trial procedures, we must first solve the problem of litigation patterns" change and the introduction of partyism litigation concept; Second, establishing the indicting and replying procedures and replying losing rights rules, which are suitable for China"s national conditions; Third, redistributing the powers of judges and the parties and enhance the status of the main parties, further strengthen the parties evidence-gathering capability; Fourth, reshaping our mediation system.

本文比较研究了域外的民事审前准备制度，考察了我国司法实践中关于审前准备制度的改革和发展的脉络，力图找到完善我国审前准备程序的可行路径，并提出了相应的理论设想，主要有：第一，在我国构建完善的审前准备程序，首先要解决的问题是诉讼模式的转轨和当事人主义诉讼理念的引进；第二，确立适合我国国情的诉答程序以及答辩失权制度；第三，重新分配法官和当事人的权限，提升当事人的主体地位，进一步加强当事人的证据收集能力；第四，重塑我国的调解制度。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。