归纳定义

It is concluded the factors of affecting information technology outsourcing decision-making into three aspects: technologic, economic, and strategic, and in-depth analyses outsourcing gaps which include technology gap, efficiency gap and strategic gap, and proposed a three-stage information technology outsourcing model, and identified technology gap, efficiency gap and strategic gap which are in the model, and in detail introduced using VENN diagram to identify technologic gap, and applied Technology Acceptance Model to perceive Information technology outsourcing.

通过对目前影响信息技术外包决策因素的相关研究进行综合分析，确定了影响信息技术外包决策的主要因素，将其归纳为技术、效益和策略三个方面，并对技术、效益和策略因素的缺口即外包缺口进行定义及分类，在此基础上，提出了一个三阶段的信息技术外包决策模型，并对该模型中的技术缺口、效益缺口和策略缺口识别方法进行了研究，其中重点探讨了基于VENN图解法的技术缺口识别方法。

The definition of the project has awide range,but they all revolve around the basic concept of the project and summarized.

项目的定义有多种，但都盘绕着项目的基本观点而归纳的。

As the basis of inversion, we have summarized the overall expressions for Thomsen's parameters and their physical meanings, deduced the expressions of azimuthally varying NMO velocity that usually specifies an ellipse in the horizontal plane for any arbitrary anisotropy, and derived the expressions for the NMO ellipses described by Thomsen's parameters.

作为反演理论的基础，归纳总结了各类各向异性介质中Thomsen参数定义的形式及其相应的物理意义，推导了水平层状各向异性介质中方位NMO速度的椭圆属性方程及其Thomsen参数表示形式，并根据具体的介质参数，分别计算了HTI介质、正交介质和单斜介质中，在干裂隙和饱和流体填充裂隙的情况下的方位NMO速度。

Firstly, the article introduces the definition of error of lens center in the old and new national standard, and summarizes three present systems that can confirm the lens center. Then we discuss the theory and formula of self-collimation catoptric method. On the basis of self-collimation theory, some apparatuses were designed (including internal-focusing center scope and center error measure instrument etc).

首先介绍了新旧国家标准关于透镜中心误差的定义，归纳和总结了目前物镜装校定中心的三个体系，讨论了光学系统中心误差自准反射法测量原理、公式和测量方法，以及根据自准反射法测量原理而设计开发的定中心仪器——内调焦定心仪、中心偏测量仪等设备。

The outline and conclusion of this thesis is as following:Firstly, the dispelling of DI elements and its impact to enterprises innovation performance. Based on the summary of existing DI theory researches, spatially those from CRIC and MIT, it initially defines the connotation, motivation, management challenges and its relation with innovation performance.

本文通过整合归纳已有分布式创新理论的研究，尤其是在英国CRIC学派和美国MIT学派的研究基础上，初步定义并分析了分布式创新的内涵、动机、管理挑战及与创新绩效的关系，并通过对上海冷箱CIMS、吉利金刚和海尔冰箱的三个探索性案例分析，将分布式创新的要素解构为分布式结构、分布式认知与分布式协同这三个因素，而分布式结构包括项目成员分布度及项目模块化；分布式认知主要包含信任、分布式领导及认知相似；分布式协同则由分布式协同技术及创新激励组成。

The Double-base Teaching is one of traditional features in the mathematics" education in our country, which focuses on how to cultivate the students" inquiry ability in the daily teaching. First of all, from the beginning of the double-base teaching, we pay attention to the original knowledge during the teaching of concepts, definitions, theorems and formulas. In the case of exercising lessons, we conclude, summarize and train the student"s emanative ideations. In the review lessons, we care about the interconnections of various knowledge. Next, because theopen subjects have the better functions to be researched, we create them in the daily teaching. It is also a very important approach to cultivate the students" inquiry ability.

重视双基教学是我国中学数学教学的传统特色，在日常教学中培养学生的探究能力，应首先从双基教学开始：在概念、定义、定理、公式的教学中注重知识的起源；在例习题教学中，注重归纳、小结及训练学生的发散思维能力；在复习课的教学中注重各知识的相互联系；其次，由于数学开放题具有良好的探究功能，因此，在日常教学中适当创设数学开放题，也是培养学生探究能力的一个重要途径。

In Lee Kuan Yew's democratic socialism, the author proposed the different fields among the political, social and economic levels. The author will survey the three level viewpoints and use them to recognize if Lee Kuan Yew's democratic socialism is in common with the democratic socialism in the West or not. Besides, the author will use the 〝democracy〞definition of Austin Ranny to analyze whether the Lee Kuan Yew's democratic socialism disappeared or not.

李光耀这一套民主社会主义思想，笔者将其归纳分为政治、经济与社会论点，本文逐一检视这些论点与西方民主社会社会主义的差别，并透过奥斯丁E兰尼的民主定义，检视李光耀在政治方面的作为，以此论证李光耀民主社会主义是否消失。

This paper does some research on the definition, types, discovery patterns, social sources of the scient.

本文采用文献研究、个案分析归纳与表格对比相结合的方法，对科学不端行为的定义、种类、发现模式、产生的社会根源和防范惩治科学不端行为的对策等问题展开研究。

After summering the different definitions of 4PL, analyzing the characters of 4PL, and comparing with 3PL,this paper give a clearer definition of 4PL.

在对不同的第四方物流定义的归纳总结基础上，重新界定了第四方物流的概念，分析了第四方物流的内涵与特点，并比较分析了与第三方物流的异同。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。