引理

In the second chapter, the problem of the optimal inputting rate control for a class of competitive population dynamics system with age-structure is discussed. By means of characteristic line, Gronwall Lemma, Bellman Lemma, adjoint system and so on, the Lipschitz continuity properties of the system in terms of the control variable is certificated, and the necessary condition of the optimal control is obtained.

第二章讨论了一类具有年龄结构的竞争种群系统最优输入率控制问题，综合应用特征线法，Gronwall引理，Bellman引理，共轭系统等知识，证明了系统解关于控制变量的Lipschitz连续性，给出了控制为最优的必要条件。

In this project, we have tackled the robust fault detection and diagnosis problem for affine nonlinear sampled-data systems based on nonlinear H∞ filtering theory,and focused on the design of robust fault dtetction filter. The main contribution of this project is that we (1)present design methods of robust fault estimator for nonlinear discrete-time systems based on least square estimation and linear matrix inequality;(2)improve the bounded real lemma of systems with finite discrete jumps;(3)develop the robust fault detection filters for affine nonlinear sampled-data systems with parameter uncertainties based on the improved bounded real lemma.

本项目以提高故障的正确检测率为目的，以非线性H∞滤波理论为基础，对不确定仿射非线性采样系统的鲁棒故障检测与诊断问题进行了研究，重点研究了不确定仿射非线性采样系统的鲁棒故障检测滤波器设计问题，取得了一些新的成果，主要成果有：(1)基于最小二乘估计和线性矩阵不等式，给出了非线性离散系统的鲁棒故障估计器设计方法；(2)改进了有限跳跃点系统的有界实引理；（3）基于改进的有界实引理，给出了不确定仿射非线性采样系统的鲁棒故障检测滤波器的设计方法。

In the second part , according to the spirit of algebraic extension , we first introduce the definition of coalgebra extension and trivial extension of a coalgebra .

在第一节，我们介绍了代数扩张，代数平凡扩张，Frobenius代数，coFrobenius余代数等概念，着重阐述了引理1.5。，即引理1.5。

Generalized strong vector variational-like inequalities; Minty's lemma; KKM mapping; pseudomonotone; Ky Fan lemma; open mapping theorem; complete; the second category; conjugate; proper convex lower semicontinuous function; linear mapping; closedness

基础科学，数学，数学分析广义强向量似变分不等式； Minty引理； KKM映象；伪单调； Ky Fan引理；开映射定理；完备；第二纲；共轭；真凸下半连续函数；线性映射；闭性

In the first section, we introduce some backgrounds and recall the definitions of weak action. crossed product and twisted H-module. At the same time, we give Lemmas 1.3. 1.5 and 1.6 being used in the following sections.

文中在给出了弱作用、crossed积、twisted H-模等基本概念的同时，又给出了在后续中需要使用的一些引理，即引理1.3、引理1.5、引理1.6。

It s difficult to discuss the existence of nontrivial solution for an elliptic equation involving critical exponent.

利用集中紧引理和Hardy不等式克服这个困难，运用山路引理证明了一类非线性椭圆方程非平凡解的存在性

For the homoclinics taking on values in the unbounded domain, in order to apply the usual "Mountain Pass " theorem, A compact embedding theorem is proved.

为克服同宿解取值于无界域而缺乏自然紧性，证明了一个紧嵌入定理，从而可以利用通常的山路引理与对称山路引理获得同宿解的存在性与多重性条件。

Based on a delay-dependent bounded real lemma, the condition under which a decentralized robust H(subscript ∞) output feedback controller exists is derived and it is available to be attributed to a solution to the problem of nonlinear matrix inequality which can be expressed in terms of a homotopy function properly selected. Then, with the homotopic iteration method and the Schur complement lemma introduced, the solution can be converted into an iterative solution to the linear matrix inequality.

基于一个时滞依赖有界实引理，将系统鲁棒分散H动态输出反馈控制器的解归结为一个非线性矩阵不等式的求解问题；选取适当的同伦函数来表示该非线性矩阵不等式，采用同伦迭代算法及Schur补引理，将求解非线性矩阵不等式转化为线性矩阵不等式的迭代求解问题。

Finally, a basic lemma was given to reveal the relation between the solution set of a centain integral equations and the generalized cyclic invariant subspace. This lemma will play an important role in the determination of controllability.

然后以一个基本引理的形式揭式某一积分方程的解集与广义循环不变子空间之间的联系，这个引理将在能控性的判定中起关键作用。

Secondly, we give an important lemma. This lemma is the basis of this paper and also has an independent sense.

然后我们给出一个重要的引理，它不仅是本文的基础，而且这个引理还具有独立的意义。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新