引

In the first section, we introduce some backgrounds and recall the definitions of weak action. crossed product and twisted H-module. At the same time, we give Lemmas 1.3. 1.5 and 1.6 being used in the following sections.

文中在给出了弱作用、crossed积、twisted H-模等基本概念的同时，又给出了在后续中需要使用的一些引理，即引理1.3、引理1.5、引理1.6。

These data indicate that it is feasible to establish universal primers and transferable EST-SSR markers between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops.

22对白菜/油菜EST-SSR引物中，有18，21和22对引物分别在大豆、小麦和玉米中有扩增产物，可扩增率分别为81.8%，95.4%和100%；其中分别有10对和7对引物在单子叶作物小麦和玉米及双子叶作物大豆和油菜中的扩增产物显示多态性，有7对引物在4种作物中的扩增产物均显示多态性。

The novel primers were evaluated by detecting BTV serotypes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 21 and 22. The specificity of the primers was estimated by comparing to gene sequences of viruses published in GenBank, and further assessed by detecting BTV serotype 1-12 and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1-4. The sensitivity and repeatability of PCR with the novel primers were evaluated by successfully detecting the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T121 containing the diagnosed nucleotide sequence.

Blast软件分析引物与GenBank发表的病毒基因的同源性，显示引物特异性较好；利用8个不同血清型BTV标准毒株进行RT-PCR检测，证实该引物能有效检测不同血清型BTV；通过BTV1-12和EHDV1-4进行检测，证实该引物具有较好的检测特异性；通过制备的含特检序列的质粒标准品P121进行检测，显示该引物检测的敏感性为105 copies，重复检测CV%为0；对模拟血清样品进行检测，结果均为阳性。

The invention discloses a method to analyze fish genetic information with mitochondria DNA D-loop controlling zone, which comprises the following steps:(1) extracting genom DNA and mitochondria DNA of fish;(2) designing simple primer in fish mitochondria DNA D-loop controlling zone; possessing twenty one basic groups CAC CCY TRR CTC CCA AAG CYA in upstream primer MitD1-F; possessing twenty three basic groups GGT GCG GRK ACT TGC ATG TRT AA in downstream primer MitD1-R;(3) proceeding PCR reaction under the function of primer;(4) choosing agarose jel electrophoresis;(5) checking sequence for augment mtDNA D-loop gene fragment.

本发明公开了一种利用线粒体DNA D-loop控制区进行鱼类遗传信息分析的方法。它包括如下步骤：(1)分别提取鱼类基因组DNA和线粒体DNA；(2)在鱼类线粒体DNA D-loop控制区设计简并引物：其上游引物MitD1-F有21个碱基：CAC CCY TRR CTC CCA AAG CYA；下游引物MitD1-R有23个碱基：GGT GCG GRK ACT TGC ATG TRT AA；(3)在引物的作用下进行PCR反应；(4)琼脂糖凝胶电泳；(5)对扩增的mtDNA D-loop基因片断进行测序。

The results showed that RSAP used two primers of 18 nucleotides in which starting at the 3' end of each primer were restriction site sequences (4-6 bases),followed 12-14 bases of arbitary sequence, the differences between two primers were restriction sites and filler sequence; PCR am-plification was run for the first 5 cycles with an annealing temperature of 35℃, followed by 35 cycles with an annealing temperature of 48℃; the PCR reaction of 25 μL included 20ng DNA templates, 2.5mmol/L of Mg(superscript 2+), 0.2 mmol/L of dNTP, 1.5U of Taq DNA polymerase, 600nmol/L of each primers. RSAP is a new maker technique with simplicity, moderate throughput ratio and reliability. RSAP is of good reprodicibity and broad application.

结果显示，RSAP技术的引物为2条长度均为18bp的引物，引物的3'端为4~6个碱基的限制性酶切位点序列，接着是12~14个碱基的随机序列，2条引物的限制性位点和随机序列不同：PCR扩增的前5个循环采用35℃的退火温度，随后的35个循环采用48℃的退火温度；在25μL反应体系中，模板DNA用量为20ng，Mg(上标 2+)浓度为2.5mmol/L dNIPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L，Tap DNA聚合酶用碳为1.5U，2条引物浓度均为600mmol/L；RSAP技术重复性好，适用性广泛，是一种操作简便、产率中等、稳定可靠的DNA标记技术。

ABSTRACT: Random amplified polymorphic DNA was used in analysing the relationship among twenty-six speices of Amanita from Mangshan, Hunan. Of 40 primers, 6 ones generated reproducible RAPD profiles, and each one produced 1-10 bands. Two primers (OPG15 and OPH04) could differentiate 26 species of Amanita by its RAPD profiles. The similarity coefficients obtained from profiles generated by six primers among Amanita were about 20-60%. A dendrogram was constructed using average linkage clustering for clustering analysis. It indicated that there were two groups in 26 species and some species with ring and membranous volva clustered a group which coincided with morphological classification.

本文对采自湖南莽山的26种鹅膏菌属真菌进行了随机扩增多态性DNA分析，40个随机引物中筛选出扩增效果较好的6个引物，每个引物能产生1～10条DNA条带，获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态性OPG15、OPH04两个引物扩增的RAPD谱带能将26种鹅膏菌完全区分开来，通过6个引物的RAPD分析获得的平均相似性系数表明种与种之间的相关系数在20―60%之间，平均链锁聚类分析可将26种鹅膏菌分为二大类，且一些具菌环和苞状菌托的种类聚在一起，与形态分类基本相吻合。

It is designedthat a pair of primers are used in 3"-RACE, two pairs of nesting primers and one 5"phosphated primer are used in 5-RACE, eight pairs of general primers are used inPCR which cover all the genome of these two isolated rabies viruses.

根据已测定的狂犬病毒株全基因组序列，用分子生物学软件设计了用于3'-RACE的接头引物一对，用于5'-RACE的2对嵌套引物、1条5'磷酸化引物，用于普通PCR的8对引物，这些引物扩增序列覆盖了整个病毒全基因组序列，具有一定的重叠区域。

The ISSR fingerprinting of 18 Japanese plum cultivars and 12 plum species or variety were established by using optimum system with primer 5"-9T-3"and 5"-9C-3", respectively. The identification rate of plum cultivars and species or variety was 100%. The effects of five important components on reaction of SSR were studied with Prunus salicina cv. Meilili. The results showed that the optimum concentration of five important components i.e. Tag DNA polymerase, Mg +, single primer, template DNA and dNTPs in 25 μL reaction system of SSR were 1.5u, 2.0mM, 0.8 μ M, 30~40ng and 0.16~0.24mM, respectively. The dendrograms of these cultivars was contructed according the Jaccard coefficient of similarity.

利用该优化体系，以5′-_9T-3′为引物，构建了中国李18个品种的ISSR指纹图谱，该引物可将这些品种完全区别开来；以5′-_9C-3′为引物，构建了李属6类种质资源的ISSR指纹图谱，该引物区分率为100％。4、中国李品种适宜的SSR反应分析体系是：25μL SSR反应体系中，Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg~(2+)、每个引物、模板DNA和dNTPs等5种成分的适宜浓度分别是：1.5u、2.0mmol·L~(-1)、0.8μmol·L~(-1)、30～40ng和0.16～0.24mmol·L~(-1)。5、采用RAPD、ISSR和SSR等三种分子标记技术对中国李品种资源54份和2个欧洲李品种进行了遗传多样性分析，并以品种间的遗传相似系数构建了Jaccard聚类树状图。

The result would be used in tobacco breeding.4 SRAP technology is used to study the genetic differences among different types of tobacco, including flue-cured tobacco, oriental tobacco, maryland tobacco, burley tobacco, and air/sun cured tobacco, five pairs of primer combinations which can amplify characteristic bands has been screened. Among the five combinations, two of them (SF25*SR2 and SF3*SR26) can distinguish air-cured tobacco including maryland tobacco and Burley tobacco from the other cultivated forms; SF20*SR14 can distinguish sun cured tobacco including oriental tobacco and sun-cured tobacco; SF16*SR14 can distinguish flue-cured tobacco and air-cured tobacco, and SF22*SR14 can distinguish DBJ599 with specisl aroma and the other flue-cured tobacco.5 8 varieties , which represent the different types of tobacco, are divided into 3 groups. I: G-28, II:DBJ599、MD40、By21, III: Basma、Sumsun、XNS、QCT. The cluster analysis result es consistant with experience evatuation.6 Anorthogonal design was used to optimize a ILP-PCR system with 5 factors (DNA, Mg2+, dNTP, primer and Taq polymerase) at 4 levels.The result showed the optimized ILP-PCR system for Nicotiana tabacum L. was: 2uL10×PCRbuffer, 20ng template DNA, Mg2+ 2.0mmol/L, dNTP 150umol/L, primer 0.3umol/L, Taq DNA polymerase 1 U in a total of 20uL reactionsolution.

研究结果可作为烤烟与香料烟类型间的杂种鉴定利用的实验与理论依据。4、利用SRAP标记技术，研究和分析了烤烟、晒烟、晾烟、白肋烟、香料烟等不同栽培类型间的基因型差异，初步筛选出了能够在分子水平上反映不同烟草类型差异的特征性标记带：晾烟MD40、Ky17、Burley21、TN90基因型共有的特征带有两对引物组合，分别为SF25*SR2和SF3*SR26；晒烟小牛舌、青梗、小花青和香料烟Sumsun、komotini Basma、Xanthi Basma共有的特征带引物组合为SF20*SR14；NC89、K326、G-28、大白筋和MD40、Ky17、Burley21、TN90共有的特征带引物组合为SF16*SR14，烤烟中大白筋599的特征带引物组合SF22*SR14.5、利用61对SRAP引物组合，研究了普通烟草不同类型间的亲缘关系，将普通烟草类型间8个不同供试材料划分为3类别。I：烤烟类型G-28II：白肋烟类型(MD40、By21、大白筋599III：香料烟类型(Basma、Sumsun、小牛舌、千层塔)。

After the ChIP assay was performed for phosphorylated Pol II using antibodies highly specific for certain phosphorylated serine residues of the CTD, the extension of short primer was carried out and then the samples were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight.

采用PCR-RFLP方法对HepG2细胞印迹基因SNRPN基因组DNA和cDNA进行基因分型，利用PolⅡ CTD末端Ser5特异性抗体进行染色质免疫沉淀，针对SNP位点两侧序列设计PCR引物和延伸引物，以外侧引物进行PCR扩增，采用延伸引物进行VLET引物延伸，产物纯化后经MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。