异系的

Through wide hybridization between wheat and Thinopyrum species, a lot of amphidiploid, addition, substitution and translocation lines were produced and many wheat cultivars were selected.

通过小麦与偃麦草的远缘杂交，创造了大批小麦一偃麦草双二倍体、异附加系、异代换系和易位系材料，选育了许多小麦新品种。

Its contents are as follow: A description for the characteristics of Agropyron elongatum and its genome; the methods used to overcome the cross-sterility and hybrid sterility; the cross breeding procedure and the genetic analysis for it; the selected hybrids which are the Triticum-Agropyron octoploid species, the alien addition lines, the alien substitution lin...

内容介绍了长穗偃麦草的特性和染色体组型，克服杂交不育和杂种不育的方法，杂交育种的程序及其遗传分析和选出的小偃麦八倍体种、异附加系、异代换系与丰产抗病的小偃麦新品种。

One octoploid 990256, four disomic addition lines E99006, E99009, E99010, E99015-8 and one substitution line E99018 resistant to powdery mildew were selected by identification of artificial induced powdery mildew disease.

经白粉病人工接种鉴定，从中选出了一个抗白粉病的八倍体小偃麦990256，四个抗白粉病异附加系E99006、E99009、E99010、E99015-8、一个抗白粉病异代换系E99018。

In Japonica heterosis utilization, the purity of hybrid seeds was sometimes low due to the self-fertility and/or unstable sterility of some BT type Japonica cytoplasmic male sterile lines. For the WA type Japonica CMS lines, their sterility is much stable, but there is also some difficult to take use of them because their flowering habit is bad and it is very difficult to restore their fertility. The HL type CMS lines were identified to have the same flowering habit and outcrossing rate with the BT type CMS lines in Japonica hybrid rice. Moreover, the sterility of HL type CMS lines was more stable than that of BT type, and their restorable characteristics was better than that of WA type.

部分BT型粳稻不育系存在自交结实现象，不育性的稳定性较差，影响杂交种的纯度；WA型粳稻不育系虽然不育性稳定，但开花习性差，育性最难恢复，应用难度较大；HL粳稻不育系开花习性及异交结实率与BT型粳稻不育系无显著差异，育性稳定性明显好于BT型粳稻不育系，可恢复性明显好于WA型粳稻不育系，较好地协调了育性稳定性、开花习性和可恢复性几方面的矛盾。

Two RAPD molecular markers located on different arms of 2Ai-2 chromosome from Thinopyrum intermedium were selected and the generations of the hybrid generation derived from Zhong 4 Awnless and wheat were analyzed. Two chromosome translocation lines were screened for wheat breeding program to control BYDV.

本研究采用RAPD方法，对具2Ai-2端体和完整染色体异附加或异代换系进行分析，从随机引物中，选出两个分别位于2Ai-2染色体两臂上的分子标记，然后用这两个标记对中间偃麦草和普通小麦的杂交后代进行筛选，选出小麦抗黄矮病易位系新材料。

The barley chromosome in wheat was identified by genomic in situ hybridization in which biotin labelled total genomic DNA of barley betzes was used as probe and the unlabelled total DNA of common wheat Chinese Spring as blocking DNA. A series of wheat materials were tested as follows; two disomic alien substitution and monosomic alien addition lines, 2n=43; two monosomic alien substitution lines.

用生物素(Biotin-16-dUTP)标记的大麦Betzes基因组DNA作探针，以普通小麦中国春总DNA作封阻进行基因组原位杂交(Genome in situ hybridiz ation，简称GISH)，从13株小麦-大麦杂交后代中鉴定出2个含有3条大麦B etzes2H染色体的材料(2n=43)；2个2H单体异代换系(2n=42)；7个2H二体异代换系(2n=42)。

Orientale additional and substitutional lines. chromosome number of 96 BC2 F3 individuals were accounted. Fifteen plants with 2n= 43 and eight plants with 2n= 44 were checked out. GISH results of the individuals with 43 chromosomes showed that they blonged to three different monosomic additions. Two disomic additions, ine double-monosomic addition, one trible- monosomic addition and one monosomic addition were found in the 2n = 44 individuals. One double-monosomic substitution and one monosomic sustitution were obtained.

为了筛选小麦-旱麦草异附加系、异代换系，对普通小麦品种Fukuho×东方旱麦草属间杂种的BC2F3代材料的96粒种子进行了染色体数目的检测，共检出15粒2n=43的种子，8粒2n=44的种子，进一步对以上材料进行的基因组DNA原位杂交，共鉴定出3个单体附加系，2个二体附加系，1个双单体附加，1个小麦三体单体附加，1个附加3条东方旱麦草染色体的小麦单体，在染色体数为42的个体中，检测出1个单体代换，1个双单体代换。

In the studies on transferring and identifying alien chro-mosomes into wheat,the combined use of mitotic and meioticchromosome N-banding is also successfully practiced in deter-mination of T.durum-H.villosa amphipoid,five wheatalien disomic additions with H.villosa chromosomes,〓〓,alien sulstitution line with chromosome 〓 andsome translocation lines.

在外源染色体导入、鉴定研究中，利用根尖有丝分裂中期染色体和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体的N-分带，快速、准确地鉴定了硬粒小麦一簇毛麦双二倍体、普通小麦一簇毛麦异耐加系V〓、V〓、V〓、V〓和V〓，普通小麦一簇毛麦异代换系V〓以及一些具有易位的杂种后代。

By phenotype observation, combined with root tipchromosome counting, PMC MI pairing analysis and chromosome C-banding, a ditelosomic addition line 94K227 and a disomic addition line 94K280 was identified among BC2F2 and BC2F3 population respectively.C-banding results showed that 94K227 contains 1 pair of long arms in chromosome B, and 94K280 contains 1 pair of chromosome D from R.

用普通小麦-纤毛鹅观草双倍体与普通小麦中国春连续回交两次，然后连续自交，通过形态观察、根尖细胞染色体计数、花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对分析及染色体C－分带，在BC2F3和BC2F3群体中，分别筛选到一个端二体异附加系94K227和一个二体异附加系94K280，其中C-分带显示94K227添加的是纤毛鹅观草染色体B的一对长臂， 94K280添加的是纤毛鹅观草的一对染色体D。

Combined with additional sequences of 20 bivalves and 6 gastropods downloaded from NCBI (National Center of Biological Institution), molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using 4 Polyplacophora species as outgroup. The result resolved by maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayes-induce methods were in congruent with each other, which indicated that all bivalves formed a monophyletic group clustering with its sister-group, Gastropod.

结果显示：所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝，与其姐妹群腹足纲聚在一起；双壳纲可以分为异齿亚纲和翼形亚纲两大类群，异齿亚纲是单系发生，翼形亚纲的系统发生关系则随方法的不同有所区别，牡蛎科的位置是造成此差异的主要因素。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。