异种的

To study the mechanism of the immune tolerance of the xenogenic epikeratophakia,4 patients with keratoconus and 5 patients with aphakia were treated by epikeratophakia monkey lenticules.

摘 要 目的：研究异种表面角膜镜片术后机体对异种角膜的免疫反应，阐明人体对异种角膜的免疫耐受机制。

The three types of reconstructed embryos(reconstructed embryo of goat-rabbit, goat-bovine and goat-goat) were produced respectively by nuclear transfer using goat ear firbroblast cells as donors and rabbit, bovine and goat ooctyes as recipients, and the factors of cytoplast environments influencing cloned embryo development in vitro, cytoplast effect in nuclear transfer, the methods of transferring cloned embryo and the effects of pregnancy factor on implantation of cloned embryo were studied in this experiment, in order to supply basis for solving the difficulty of implantation of inter-species cloned embryo in recipient and improving the efficiency of cloning.

本试验以波尔山羊耳成纤维细胞为供体，分别以牛、羊、兔的卵母细胞为受体进行体细胞核移植，构建了山羊-兔、山羊-牛和山羊-山羊三种重构胚。研究了不同的胞质环境对重构胚体外发育的影响与核移植中的胞质效应，并对异种克隆胚胎采用了去透明带移植和配种后再移植的方法，探讨移植方法和妊娠因子对异种克隆胚胎在受体动物体内发育的影响，旨在为解决异种克隆胚移植不易着床发育的难题和为提高动物克隆效率提供理论依据。

Our interest in this paper is localizing a team of heterogeneous robots in two dimensional special Euclidean space SE (2) and localizing targets with information obtained from heterogeneous sensors.

我们对这一张纸的兴趣是在二空间的特别欧几里得几何的空间 SE(2)中本土化一队异种的机械手和用从异种的感应器被获得的数据本土化目标。

Description: Shuffle Brain's website provides the introduction of popular science (includes Brain Swapping, Split Human Brain, Optics of Memory), and information of short subjects (such as: Head Transplant, Baboon Brain), scientific works on brains and eyes (includes the topic of "Frontal Lobotomy in the Salamander -- Wild Results","Smart Skin","Can a grafted eye work in the head of a different species?" and so on). And it also offers the details of items, such as:"Music Therapy Literature","The Late Hiroharu Noda's Brain Research (cerebellar control of eye movements)".

网站描述：脑的网站提供大众科学的介绍（包括大脑交换技术，切割人类大脑，记忆光学），和短主题的信息（例如：大脑移植，狒狒的大脑），大脑与眼的科学工作（包括"火蜥蜴前脑叶白质切除术--野生的结果"，"皮肤维护"，"一个移植的眼睛是否能在异种的头脑中作用"等等）并提供项目详情，例如："音乐治疗文献"，"Hiroharu Noda的晚期大脑研究"。

Shuffle Brain's website provides the introduction of popular science (includes Brain Swapping, Split Human Brain, Optics of Memory), and information of short subjects (such as: Head Transplant, Baboon Brain), scientific works on brains and eyes (includes the topic of "Frontal Lobotomy in the Salamander -- Wild Results","Smart Skin","Can a grafted eye work in the head of a different species?" and so on). And it also offers the details of items, such as:"Music Therapy Literature","The Late Hiroharu Noda's Brain Research (cerebellar control of eye movements)".

脑的网站提供大众科学的介绍（包括大脑交换技术，切割人类大脑，记忆光学），和短主题的信息（例如：大脑移植，狒狒的大脑），大脑与眼的科学工作（包括"火蜥蜴前脑叶白质切除术--野生的结果"，"皮肤维护"，"一个移植的眼睛是否能在异种的头脑中作用"等等）并提供项目详情，例如："音乐治疗文献"，"Hiroharu Noda的晚期大脑研究"。

These observations show that reprogramming is easier in interspecific embryos reconstructed with ES cells than that reconstructed with somatic cells, and that ES cells have the higher ability to direct the reconstructed embryo development normally than fibroblast cells. Oocytes were reconstructed with outbreeding Kunming albino mouse ES cells and enucleated rabbit oocytes, and the effects of the passages of ES cells and 6-DMAP on the development of interspecific reconstructed oocytes were analyzed. The interspecific reconstructed ES-rabbit oocytes were activated either by combined two set electric pulses and 6-DMAP or by two set electr

以上结果显示，6－DMAP能增加胚胎干细胞异种重构卵的卵裂率，对重构卵囊胚的发育率影响不大；高培养代数和低培养代数的胚胎干细胞用于异种核移植不影响异种重构卵的卵裂率和囊胚发育率；用胚胎干细胞作为供核细胞；比体细胞作为供核细胞所构建的异种重构胚更容易进行重编程，并且胚胎于细胞指导异种克隆胚胎正常发育的能力强于体细胞。

Strictly speaking, there shouldn't be such thing as a polyploid mutant.

严格来说，应该没有如一个倍数体突变异种的事物。

The PSCA_3 fragment was selected for its superior expression level in eukaryotic cells.Then the sig-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI genetic fragment was cloned into pVAX1-neo-IRES-GM/B7 vector to construct the final immunological inhanced DNA vaccine pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to confirm the expression of PSCA_3 fragment by transfected into Cos7 cell.Finally,the anti-tumor effect of pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB was tested in murine prostate cancer model generated by RM-1 cell line.The animal was immunized with pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection plus electroporation,pVAX1 and pVAX1-PSCA_1-FcGB plasmid were used as control.The inhibitory effect of tumor was investigated by observion of forming time,volume and inhibition ratio of tumor.Results:DNA sequencing conformed that the heterological PSCA fusion antigen fragment which was synchronized by overlapping-extending-PCR,was consistent to design.Enzyme digestion analysis showed that the 1 to 4 copies heterological PSCA fusion antigen fragments were constructed successfully.

方法(1)检索GenBank，选择包含人主要T细胞抗原表位序列的人PSCA基因片段，应用异种化抗原设计技术，保留人T细胞抗原表位，设计异种化PSCA融合抗原片段；(2)根据核酸序列按中心模板法设计引物，应用重叠延伸PCR技术拼接合成异种化PSCA融合抗原片段基因，以PCR、限制性酶切和DNA序列测定法进行鉴定：(3)利用DNA限制性内切酶BssHⅡ和MluⅠ酶切后粘端互补的特点，采用同尾酶法构建1—4拷贝异种化PSCA融合抗原片段(PNCA_1-PSCA_4)，并将上述片段分别插入真核表达载体pCI-neo-Fc-GPI中，转染293T细胞，借助免疫荧光+流式细胞术考察插入片段表达效率，最终选定PSCA_3片段进行下一步研究；(4)将sig-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI基因片段自pCI-PSCA_3-Fc-GPI质粒上切下，插入pVAX1-neo-IRES—GM/B7载体中，构建免疫增效DNA疫苗pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB，并应用转染Cos7细胞+免疫荧光/流式细胞术方法鉴定其在真核细胞中的表达情况；(5)给8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠皮下种植RM-1细胞，制备小鼠前列腺癌模型，并采用股四头肌肌肉注射+电脉冲法(Electroporation，EP)接种DNA疫苗质粒pVAX1-PSCA_3-FcGB，同时接种pVAX1空载体质粒和pVAX1-PSCA_1-FcGB质粒作为对照，通过观察计算免疫动物的成瘤时间、肿瘤体积和抑瘤率，来评价该DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的抑瘤效果。

BACKGROUND: It has been found that xenogenic extracellular matrix may cause a strong inflammatory response in humans during clinical application of decellularized porcine heart valve.

摘要背景：在去细胞猪瓣膜(Synergraft瓣膜)的临床应用时发现异种的细胞外基质引发了人体一个强烈的炎症反应。

The present study has demonstrated the pattern of TNF-α and IL-6 expression, has defined the effect of cellular immunity on BMP-induced osteogenesis at the implant site, and has clarified the immunoregulation by BMP subsequent to bone xenografting, thus opening up a new field of molecular immunology associated with bone xenograft, allowing for the search for a more ideal approach to preventing immune rejection and developing a highly effective xenogenous graft material.

本研究结果揭示了异种骨移植局部TNF-α和IL-6的定位表达及其规律，基本上阐明了移植局部细胞免疫对BMP诱导成骨作用的影响及BMP在异种骨移植局部的免疫调节作用等问题，开辟了异种骨移植分子免疫学新领域，并为选择更理想的移植排斥防治途径和研制高效的异种骨移植材料提供了可靠的实验及理论依据。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。