异染色体

By using genome in situ hybridization on root somatic chromosomes of allotetraploid derived from the cross Gossypium arboreum × G.

然而，仅依据形态学和普通的核型图像，还不能确定该异源四倍体棉种中比克氏棉G染色体组在核型中的表现。

Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence assay revealed that the DNA sequences associated with the heterochromatic knobs are highly divergent and heavily methylated compared with the sequences in the corresponding X chromosomal domains.

而通过NDA的分子原位杂交，专家在番木瓜的雄性区域发现了该区域有4个特异的异染色质疖，免疫荧光分析则揭示出这个区域与X染色体的相应区域发生了较大的分化，具有高度的甲基化。

Using tertiary trisomes and hypoploids of a set of B-10L translocations, the CL-repeat signals and the variants in each of the three distal heterochromatic regions were identified.

利用一系列的B-10L易位染色体所产生的三级三染体和亚倍体，可以判断CL-repeat讯号及其变异产物在三个远端异染色质区(DH1， DH2， DH3)上的分布位置。

"Think about a chromosome as being a highway," says Aramayo. In order to function properly, some sections of the highway must have illumination, which means DNA must be expressed, whereas other sections must not have illumination, which means DNA must not be expressed, or that the region must be heterochromatic.

Aramayo说，我们可以将染色体想象成一条高速路，为了正常运行，高速路的一些区段需要照明，也就是说DNA必须被表达；而其它区段则不需要照明，即DNA不需要表达，或这些区段必须被异染色质化。。。。。。。

The transforming growth factor-β superfamily, a large group of highly conserved growth factors including TGF-βs, activins and BMPs, regulate a wide variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. Signals from these growth factors are transduced by a group of Smad proteins. To date, there are nine vertebrate Smads, including the receptor-activated Smads , Smadsl-3, 5 and 8, the common mediator Smad4 and Smad4β, and the inhibitory Smads, Smad6 and 7. Signaling is initiated when the ligand induces assembly of a heteromeric complex of type Ⅱ and type Ⅰ TGFβ receptors. Then R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by activated type I TGF-β receptors.

在多种SMADS中，SMAD5令我们产生兴趣，基于三个原因：1、Smad5基因敲除胚胎中发现卵黄囊的异位造血以及CFU-GM祖细胞数目增加，表明SMAD5可能是早期造血发育的负向调控基因。；2、应用反义核酸封闭Smad5可以逆转TGF-β对祖细胞增殖的抑制效应，表明它可能介导TGF-β信号转导，后者的异常，包括某些SMADS的功能异常，和白血病紧密相关；3、Smad5基因定位在人染色体5q21，此区域的缺失和急性髓系白血病和骨髓增生异常综合症相关，因此，Smad5被怀疑为白血病抑制基因。

Monosomic alien addition lines are plants that with one chromosome of an alien donor species attached to the relative recipient species.

异源单体附加系是从亲缘关系较远或属间的一个物种单条染色体附加到另一个物种中。

There were some characteristic sequences flanking the genomic breakpoints of SYT, SSX1 and SSX2. These sequences included Alu sequences, Translin recognition sequences, topoisomerase Ⅱ recognition sites and palindromic sequences. These sequences are speculative to be associated with chromosomal translocation of synovial sarcoma.

在SYT，SSX1和SSX2基因组断裂点旁存在一些特征性序列，包括Alu序列、易位素识别序列、拓扑异构酶Ⅱ识别位点、回文序列等，可能与滑膜肉瘤染色体易位有关。

The sterile and fertile plants of BC3 generation, derived from the hybridization between sterile line and restorer line and maintaining line, were detected by GISH-dcFISH. The observations showed that the fertile plants were all the Brassica napus-Xinjiang wild Sinapis arvensis monosomic alien addition lines, and the sterile plants had no Sinapis arvensis chromosome.

不育系分别与保持系、恢复系Nsa恢1、保持系杂交后获得了BC3代不育株及可育株，GISH-dcFISH分析结果表明，BC3代可育株为甘蓝型油菜－新疆野生油菜单体异附加系，而不育株中不含新疆野生油菜染色体。

This heterosynapsis at early stage of meiosis in rearranged autosomes, results in unbalanced germs and pregnancy wastages.

重排染色体直接的异源配对导致不平衡配子的产生而出现受孕浪费。5。

In order to develop a new path for gene mapping of fish, the digoxigenin and tritium labeled in situ hybridization techniques combined with multiple banding analysis on the pachytene bivalents of M. albus were studied using the wheat ribosomal RNA genes, pig growth hormone gene and MaSoxl (M. albus SRY boxl) DNA segment as the probes. Moreover, the techniques of random primed in situ DNA synthesis were also developed on the bivalents of M.

以两种异源基因和Ma Soxl为探针，采用地高辛或氟标记的原位杂交技术，结合点渍法和DNA印渍法分析，率先在黄鳝减数分裂二价体上开展基因定位研究，并与多重带带型分析相结合，以期为构建黄鳝染色体框架图奠定初步基础，为迅速改变鱼类基因定位研究的落后局面而开辟新的途径。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。