异染色体

It is speculated that most of the multiple pengze crucian carp are tetraploid, their chromosomes consist of the whole maternal chromo some set and a haploid paternal chromosome set, they belong to the filial generation from ovum of female parent pengze crucian carp which inserts haploid genome of agnate.

推测多数复合鲫个体为复合四倍体异育彭泽鲫，其染色体组包含母本彭泽鲫的全套染色体和父本单倍染色体组所产生的子代，少数个体可能为非整倍体。

Compared to japonica type parent, indica type parent (Taichung-Sen 10) contributed more genetic materials in the chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, to the RIL population, but less in the chromosome 7. The averaged homozygosity (94.6％) was deviated from the expected ratio 96.9％.

十二对染色体之平均同结合与异结合比例分别为94.6％及5.4％，偏离F6世代同结合基因型之比例理论值(96.9％)，而分别在第六对染色体上有最大之同结合比例(98％)，第二对染色体有最小之同结合比例(90％)。

This is the first fish sex chromosome specific repetitive DNA sequence which was found in China so far.

将上述片段的探针对刺鳅染色体进行FISH分析后，结果显示，其中RMX6对于X染色体是特异的，其杂交信号仅限于X染色体上异染色质区。

With the stable genetic tetraploidy and the fertility in the nature environments, this allotetraploid population presented the key factors to form a new species with 200 chromosomes.

异源四倍体鲫鲤稳定的染色体数目和正常的性腺结构以及自然条件下的生殖传代行为，说明该异源四倍体鲫鲤已成为一个染色体数目为4n=200、遗传性状稳定的新型四倍体鱼群体，具备形成新种所需的关键因素。

With the stble genetic tetraploidy and the fertility in the nature environments, this allotetraploid population presented the key factors to form a new species with 200 chromosomes.

异源四倍体鲫鲤稳定的染色体数目和正常的性腺结构以及自然条件下的生殖传代行为，说明该异源四倍体鲫鲤已成为一个染色体数目为4n=200、遗传性状稳定的新型四倍体鱼群体，具备形成新种所需的关键因素。

Two RAPD molecular markers located on different arms of 2Ai-2 chromosome from Thinopyrum intermedium were selected and the generations of the hybrid generation derived from Zhong 4 Awnless and wheat were analyzed. Two chromosome translocation lines were screened for wheat breeding program to control BYDV.

本研究采用RAPD方法，对具2Ai-2端体和完整染色体异附加或异代换系进行分析，从随机引物中，选出两个分别位于2Ai-2染色体两臂上的分子标记，然后用这两个标记对中间偃麦草和普通小麦的杂交后代进行筛选，选出小麦抗黄矮病易位系新材料。

The novel restorer line Nsa restorer-1 and its progenies were analysed by genomic in situ hybridization combined with double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization technologies, the results showed that Nsa restorer-1 was Brassica napus-Xinjiang wild Sinapis arvensis disomic alien addition line,consisting of the whole genome of Brassica napus and a homologous chromosome pair of Xinjiang wild Sinapis arvensis.

用基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization， GISH)结合双色荧光原位杂交(double-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization， dc-FISH)技术，对甘蓝型油菜新型恢复系Nsa恢1及其后代进行了研究，结果表明，Nsa恢1为甘蓝型油菜-新疆野生油菜二体异附加系，包含了甘蓝型油菜全基因组和新疆野生油菜1对染色体，这1对新疆野生油菜染色体为同源染色体。

Fromthese facts,It could be deduced that 8 to 14 pairs of chromosomes possessed a certaindegree of hetorology,which was directly groved to be hybrid origin of P.tomentosaaccording to the good chromosome homology and fertility of P.bolleana and thehybrids of P.tomentosa×P.bolleana,it could be further deduced that the original parentsof P.tomentosa involved probably P.bolleana or P.alba.

从终变期、中期I的染色体构型看，有数目不等的联会程度较差的单价体和棒状二价体出现，在后期I，甚至末期I亦可见到含落后染色体分裂相的细胞，由此推断可能有8~14对染色体表现出一定程度的异源性，鉴于新疆杨以及毛白杨与新疆杨杂交产生的杂种毛新杨的染色体同源性较强、育性较好等现象，进一步推断毛白杨起源亲本可能包括新疆杨或银白杨。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

The sterile pollens were very concerned with non-equality of homologouschromosomes at two polars,and the difference of pollen yields among individuals werelikely related with disintegration of Tapetum in Prophase I.

其中败育花粉的产生与同源染色体的不均衡分配关系最为密切，而花粉产量的差异则可能是在减数分裂前期I时即发生绒毡层解体而造成的，其根源仍在于毛白杨染色体的异源性，此外易位、倒位等染色体结构变异和天然三倍体的存在也常常会加剧人们对毛白杨配子败育严重的印象。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。