异染色体

Granulosus is further;2. In differentiation of closely relatedspecies, the changes in heterochromatin and pericentric inversions are key factors, this is wellnoted in the small chromosomes;3. A. mantzorum has well-differentiated XY type sex chromo-'.omes, the Y chromosome is mainly composed of euchromatin, but has strong C-band in themiddle of the long arm. It is suggested that the Y chromosome of A. mantzorum is in the-initial stage of sex chromosome differentiation.

结果表明：(1)四川湍蛙、理县湍蛙和棕点湍蛙之间的亲缘关系较近，而它们与棘皮湍蛙的亲缘关系较远；2）在近缘种的分化中，染色体结构异染色质的变化和臂间倒位是重要的因素之一，这在小型染色体上表现得尤为突出；四川湍蛙具有在形态上分化很明显的性染色体。C带分析表明，此性染色体主要由常染色质构成，但在其Y染色体的长臂上存在明显的中间C带，推测尚处于性染色体分化的初期阶段。

It was also found that the chromosomes paired well and formed a rod heteromorphic bivalent in the hybrid F1[73(36)9-1×CSDT 1BL]. Whereas 73(36)9-1 produced mainly configuration of 20''+1'+t' when test-crossed with CSDT 1BS. It showed that the translocation occurred on chromosome 1B short arm, and this segment came from rye chromosome 1RL. In the present paper we discussed also the way in which the translocation might be caused, and concluded that it was formed through reunion of two kind telocentrica (1BL and 1RL) after simultaneous misdivision of two univalent chromosomes (a wheat chromosome 1B, and a rye 1R).

同时还发现，73（36）9-1和"中国春"双端体的1BL能很好地配对并形成一个棒状的异形二价体，而它和CSDT 1BS的染色体则主要产生20+1′+t′的构型，从而证明易位发生的可能途径，推断是由于在F1花粉母细胞中的两个单价体（一个是小麦染色体1B，一个是黑麦染色体1R）同时进行错分裂之后产生的两种端着丝点染色体（1BL和1RL）重新并合形成的，因而冬小麦73（36）9-1可能是一个自发产生的易位系。

Lines which were 2n=21"+1" and one line which was 2n=20"+2", one line which was 2n=43. The salt-resistance addition line Line15 was confirmed as a Disomic alien addition line by C-banding, SSR, FISH methods, and the two alien addition chromosomes had close correlation with the long arm of the second homoeologous group, the centromere region of the third homoeologous group and the short arm of the seventh homoeologous group. We also confirmed the particular C-banding type of the alien addition chromosomes by C-banding following FISH method. The drought-resistance addition line Line17 was found also as a Disomic alien addition line by SSR and FISH detection. The alien addition chromosomes had close correlation with the short arm of the second homoeologous group.

对导入赖草优质耐盐基因的株系Line15进行了C-分带、荧光原位杂交、SSR相结合的鉴定，确认Line15是一个二体异附加系，附加的一对染色体与小麦的第二同源群长臂、第三同源群着丝粒和第七同源群短臂密切相关，并确定了Line15的外源染色体C-分带特征带型，为目后鉴定Line15附加系的真伪提供了简便快捷的途径；对抗旱附加系Line17进行了荧光原位杂交和SSR检测，得出Line17也是一个二体异附加系，外源染色体与小麦的第四同源群短臂密切相关。

Orientale additional and substitutional lines. chromosome number of 96 BC2 F3 individuals were accounted. Fifteen plants with 2n= 43 and eight plants with 2n= 44 were checked out. GISH results of the individuals with 43 chromosomes showed that they blonged to three different monosomic additions. Two disomic additions, ine double-monosomic addition, one trible- monosomic addition and one monosomic addition were found in the 2n = 44 individuals. One double-monosomic substitution and one monosomic sustitution were obtained.

为了筛选小麦-旱麦草异附加系、异代换系，对普通小麦品种Fukuho×东方旱麦草属间杂种的BC2F3代材料的96粒种子进行了染色体数目的检测，共检出15粒2n=43的种子，8粒2n=44的种子，进一步对以上材料进行的基因组DNA原位杂交，共鉴定出3个单体附加系，2个二体附加系，1个双单体附加，1个小麦三体单体附加，1个附加3条东方旱麦草染色体的小麦单体，在染色体数为42的个体中，检测出1个单体代换，1个双单体代换。

In the studies on transferring and identifying alien chro-mosomes into wheat,the combined use of mitotic and meioticchromosome N-banding is also successfully practiced in deter-mination of T.durum-H.villosa amphipoid,five wheatalien disomic additions with H.villosa chromosomes,〓〓,alien sulstitution line with chromosome 〓 andsome translocation lines.

在外源染色体导入、鉴定研究中，利用根尖有丝分裂中期染色体和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体的N-分带，快速、准确地鉴定了硬粒小麦一簇毛麦双二倍体、普通小麦一簇毛麦异耐加系V〓、V〓、V〓、V〓和V〓，普通小麦一簇毛麦异代换系V〓以及一些具有易位的杂种后代。

Moreover, all the signals on X and Y only located in the heterochromatic regions, showing the same distribution with those of C-band.

所有X染色体上的信号是一致的，而X、Y染色体上的信号分布则彼此不同。X、Y染色体上的杂交信号区域均集中于异染色质区，信号分布模式同X、Y上异染色质分布模式完全吻合。

Because more than 75. 4% regions were occupied by heterochromatin on the sex chromosomes of spiny eel, its X library should be a good tool to isolate the heterochromatic highly repetitive sequences DNA and study its origin and evolution.

在刺鳅的性染色体上，75.4％以上的长度都是异染色质区域，因此，刺鳅X染色体文库也为分离获得鱼类性染色体上异染色质重复序列，探讨其起源和进化规律提供了良好的实验材料。

The signals look like noncontinuous beads on the DNA fiber,which consist of multi-copy and arrange tandemly.Fiber-FISH results with 45S rDNA probe showed that an average signal length is about 3～11μm in many tandem copy sequence(measure number,n=8),so we estimated the size of each copy to be approximately 11～30kb in cotton genome.There are dual signals on each end of the mitosis metaphase chromosomes and pachytene chromosomes hybridized with telomere DNA probe.The signals also look like non-continuous beads on the DNA fiber,the length is about 1～9μm,so we estimated the size is about 4～27kb.The signals almost covered the whole mitosis metaphase chromosomes and pachytene chromosomes of G.arboretum Shixiya 1 hybridized with gDNA probe,the euchromatin zone and heterochromatin zone were identified clearly on pachytene chromosomes,and the signals also look like non-continuous beads.Two BAC clones 150-D-24 and 182-F-9 in DNA BAC library of Pima90 were selected as probe to hybridize with mitosis metaphase chromosomes,pachytene chromosomes and DNA fiber of G.raimondii.

棉花FISH技术系统的应用研究。45S rDNA在亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体上有两对大的信号，在DNA纤维上信号为非连续的念珠状，多个拷贝串联排列，每个拷贝长度大约在3～11μm，推测每个拷贝的实际长度为11～30kb；端粒序列在亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体端部都有双点信号，在DNA纤维上信号也为非连续的念珠状，不同染色体上信号长度大约在1～9μm不等，推测实际长度为4～27kb；gDNA信号几乎布满整个亚洲棉石系亚1号中期和粗线期染色体，在粗线期染色体上能明显区分出常染色质区和异染色质区，DNA纤维上的信号均为非连续的念珠状。

There appeared prominent signals on pericentric regions of all the other chromosomes besides chromosome 4. The signals were strong on most of the chromosomes and weak only on one chromosome pair.

这一克隆除在第4染色体近着丝粒区显示明显的信号外，其它染色体的近着丝粒区同样具有信号，多数染色体为强信号，仅1对染色体信号较弱，还有3对染色体具有像着丝粒两侧异染色质块(pericentric heterochromatin block)的信号，中间有一个缢痕。

The formula of chromosome karyotype of A. heterophyllum was 2n=28=18m+10sm, its chromosome relative length was in the range of 24.464%-63.245%, the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest chromosome was 2.58 and the chromosomes with arm ratio above 2:1 accounted for 14.3% in total chromosomes.

异叶天南星的染色体核型公式为2n=28=18m+10sm，其染色体相对长度在24.464%~63.245%的范围内，最长染色体与最短染色体的比值为2.58，臂比值大于2：1的染色体占总染色体的14.3%。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。