异常发育

The top of neural tube forms basic encenphalic shape,namely endbrain, interbrain, midbrain and afterbrain. The abnormal closure of neural tube will result in neural tube detects. Encephalocoele is a common congenital malformation whose mechanism was no known. NO participates in the physiologic process of brain.

胚胎脑发育的早期阶段主要是神经板隆起、弯曲、闭合形成神经管，神经管的头部从前向后依次发育形成脑的基本组织形态，即端脑、间脑、中脑、后脑，在神经管闭合过程中出现异常就会导致NTD。

Result: The study shows that the quantities of the Purkinje Cell in the heart of anencephalus are less than those in the heart of normal foetus.

无脑儿神经系统发育异常影响其心脏内蒲肯野细胞的发育。

But the abnormal phenomena in autotetraploid rice were more than that in diploid rice.

同源四倍体水稻胚囊发育过程与二倍体基本一致，但在同源四倍体水稻胚囊的形成和发育过程中出现了较多的异常现象。

Their motion asymmetry supported the idea of close correlation between motion perception symmetry and binocularity.

三位双上旋肌麻痹，一位视神经重度发育不全，一位早产儿网膜症，两位合并水平及垂直斜视，一位角膜彼得氏异常和一位网膜先天缺损，他们自出生起就没有发育双眼视觉的机会，他们不对称的运动觉支持了运动觉对称性和双眼视觉之间相关性的理论。

The C-terminal half is responsible for its binding ability as to homeodomains, HIRA-interacting protein 3(HIRIP3), and core histones. HIRA is well conserved during the long evolutionary pathway which indicates that this protein may be essential for life development.

HIRA在从酵母到人类的长期进化过程中高度保守，说明其在生命发育过程中起着重要作用。mHira基因敲除的小鼠胚胎表现出复杂的表型缺陷，原条扭曲，脊索和神经管发育异常，发育至孕中期时全部死亡。

There are according to B-, or whether the early detection of fetal abnormalities, such as: limb development, development of hand-toe toe, with or without harelip and heart bone, internal organs can be seen, as well as whether there is hydrocephalus!

还有照B超，也可以早期发现胎儿有无异常，例如：四肢发育，手趾脚趾发育，有无兔唇，心脏骨骼发育，内脏也是可以看到的，还有是否有脑积水！

It is concluded that alcohol has developmental toxicity and teratogenicity. The target organ affected by alcohol is brain. The effects of alcohol on the developmental differentiation of visceral yolk sac and DNA synthesis are probably related to its developmental abnormalities.

结论认为酒精具有发育毒性和致畸性，酒精作用的主要靶器官是脑，酒精对卵黄囊发育分化和DNA合成的影响可能与其发育异常有关。

The transforming growth factor-β superfamily, a large group of highly conserved growth factors including TGF-βs, activins and BMPs, regulate a wide variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. Signals from these growth factors are transduced by a group of Smad proteins. To date, there are nine vertebrate Smads, including the receptor-activated Smads , Smadsl-3, 5 and 8, the common mediator Smad4 and Smad4β, and the inhibitory Smads, Smad6 and 7. Signaling is initiated when the ligand induces assembly of a heteromeric complex of type Ⅱ and type Ⅰ TGFβ receptors. Then R-Smads are directly phosphorylated by activated type I TGF-β receptors.

在多种SMADS中，SMAD5令我们产生兴趣，基于三个原因：1、Smad5基因敲除胚胎中发现卵黄囊的异位造血以及CFU-GM祖细胞数目增加，表明SMAD5可能是早期造血发育的负向调控基因。；2、应用反义核酸封闭Smad5可以逆转TGF-β对祖细胞增殖的抑制效应，表明它可能介导TGF-β信号转导，后者的异常，包括某些SMADS的功能异常，和白血病紧密相关；3、Smad5基因定位在人染色体5q21，此区域的缺失和急性髓系白血病和骨髓增生异常综合症相关，因此，Smad5被怀疑为白血病抑制基因。

Our study displayed that HmgD overexpression mutant died as late third instar larvae and malformed pupae during the larvae-prepupa transition,suggests that overexpression of HmgD has effects rather on the third instar larvae stage than on the first and second instar larvae from the mutant could not pupate.

结果表明，HmgD广泛过量表达突变体幼虫在一龄和二龄期发育正常，而在三龄幼虫化蛹时发育异常，发育停滞在三龄幼虫末期至预蛹的阶段，即HmgD过量表达的幼虫不能正常化蛹。

Results: The risk factors for leukemic transformation and early death were bone ache, Hb＜30 g/L, dysplastic peripheral blood polymorphs, RAEB,RAEB-T of MDS subtype, blast of bone marrow and peripheral blood＞5%,with advancing myelofibrosis, ALIP,-7/7q-+8 and cytogenetic abnormalities at more than two chromosomes.

结果：剧烈骨痛、Hb＜30 g/L、外周血粒系发育异常、RAEB、RAEB-T MDS亚型、骨髓或外周血原始细胞＞5%、伴发MF和ALIP、-7/7q-，+8染色体异常或复合染色体异常为MDS预后不良因素。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。