异常发育

This study demonstrated that KA administration in a convulsant dose could result in spontaneous recurrent seizures and permanent disturbances of behavior and cognition in old rats (P25、P60) which brains were in mature. However temporal and reversible effects occurred in rat pups (P5、P15) in immature brain.

一次给予惊厥剂量的KA可诱发脑发育成熟大鼠（P25、P60）出现自发癫痫发作，但在脑发育未成熟大鼠（P5、P15）中未见有自发癫痫发作；KA致痫对脑发育成熟大鼠造成的认知行为异常持久而不可逆，但对脑发育未成熟幼鼠认知行为的影响则持续时间短而可逆。

Cytogenetic aberrations included chromosome 8 abnormalities in 8 cases, nonspecific numerical abnormalities in 1 case, and a normal karyotype in 1 case. Ten patients had other medical conditions including macrocephaly, seizures, developmental delay, autism, congenital anomalies, Sturge-Weber syndrome, or a family history of multiple lipomas.

细胞遗传学变异包括8个病例出现染色体8异常，1个病例为非特异性数量异常和1个病例为正常核型。10例患者出现其它医学情况，包括头大畸形、癫痫发作、发育迟缓、自闭症、先天异常、斯特奇-韦伯综合征或有多发性脂肪瘤家族史。

To determine the early changes and process of formation of central polydactyly, syndactyly, and cleft hand, we experimentally induced these anomalies in the hind limbs of rat embryos and discussed the relationship among these abnormalities.

目的：在同一个病人有多种中心型多趾、并趾、裂手畸形组合常出现在各自的四肢，然而很少知道在四肢发育的过程中的趾线的异常诱导的早期变化，为了确定中心型多趾、并趾以及裂手畸形的形成过程和早期变化，我们通过实验在大鼠的下肢诱导这些异常并探讨这些异常之间的关系。

On the other hand, in spite of the severely distorted axis, the FoxD5-overexpressed embryos displayed neither somite nor muscle defects. Based on these results, we speculate that FoxD5 plays different roles in axis and somite formation. During somitogenesis, FoxD5 functions in the maintenance of the anteroposterior polarity of somites, and in turn plays roles in proper formation of somites.

另一方面，观察过量表现FoxD5的胚胎，发现体节及肌肉发育没有明显异常，但体轴发育则产生严重畸形的性状；根据上述观察结果，推测FoxD5可能在体节及体轴发育上扮演不同角色：在体轴发育时，FoxD5则可能参与於胚胎轴向决定；而在体节中，FoxD5具有维持体节前后极性进而促使体节正常形成之功能。

The present study indicates that pregnancy cocaine exposure can lead to maternal undernutrition and developmental abnormality of the fetal brain, liver and placenta.

本研究表明，妊娠期给予可卡因能引起妊娠母体营养不良，子代脑、肝脏和胎盘发育异常；可卡因引起的胎儿发育异常是由可卡因的毒性作用而不是母体营养不良产生的。

Herpes simplex virus infection to the fetus through the placenta, pregnancy first 8 weeks of infection and occurrence of fetal malformations can generally mainly small head, small eyes, chorioretinitis, crystal turbidity, heart abnormalities, limb abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, cerebral dysgenesis, hydrocephalus, corneal cataract formation of the liver, splenomegaly, pneumonia and so on. 2, diagnosis:(1) direct examination, electron microscopy examination herpes fluid, can be found herpes virus-like particles.

单纯疱疹病毒通过胎盘传染给胎儿，妊娠头8周感染可使胎和发生畸形，一般主要为小头，小眼，脉络膜视网膜炎，晶体混浊，心脏异常，肢体发育异常，宫内生长迟缓，脑发育不全，脑积水，角膜翳形成肝，脾肿大，肺炎等。2、诊断：(1)直接检查，用电镜检查疱疹液，可发现疱疹病毒颗粒。

Results Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia is a rare osteopathy that would lead to short limb type pygmy or mutilation bone disease .

结果 干骺端软骨发育异常是较罕见的全身短管状骨干骺端软骨发育异常导致短肢型侏儒或致残性体质性骨病。

Microscopic observation of microsporogenesis of the male sterile lines revealed that abortion occurred mononuclear stage. The tapetal cells became higly vaculate, pressing the microsporocyte seriously, interfering the normal microsporpgenesis development and finally leading to pollen grain abortion.

进一步对其细胞形态学进行观察结果表明，ogura和改良型不育系败育时期发生在单核花粉期，绒毡层异常膨大，挤压小孢子正常发育，小孢子液泡化而导致败育，并且在花药发育过程中有一些异常现象发生。

During the first two weeks after birth, the growth performances were not significant between the mutant mice and the normal ones, but after that, the mutant mice grew much slower. The differences were significant in the indexes of eyes, lungs, thymuses, and adrenal glands between the genders. At the same time, the differences were significant in the organ indexes, such as lungs, adrenal glands, uterine and testicles between the normal phenotype mutant mice and the abnormal ones. And these two kinds of mice showed different amount of hemoglobin and red blood cell.

结果：B6-Co小鼠不育率22%、平均产仔数5.62±2.55只、离乳成活率56.59±41.22显著低于正常的B6小鼠，而胎间隔29.50±10.50天比正常B6小鼠短。B6-Co小鼠出生后2周内生长发育与正常B6小鼠基本一致，2周后，其生长发育慢于正常B6小鼠。B6-Co小鼠雌雄间的眼球、肺、胸腺、肾上腺的脏器指数差异有统计学意义。B6-Co表型异常小鼠与B6-Co表型正常小鼠相比，肺、肾上腺、子宫、睾丸的脏器系数差异有统计学意义。B6-Co小鼠表型异常小鼠在血红蛋白和红细胞数量上异于B6-Co表型正常小鼠。

Results: B6-Co mice showed higher sterile rate, and significant lower average litter size and survival rate at weaning than the normal B6 mice, but the time interval between deliveries was shorter in the mutant population. During the first two weeks after birth, the growth performances were not significant between the mutant mice and the normal ones, but after that, the mutant mice grew much slower. The differences were significant in the indexes of eyes, lungs, thymuses, and adrenal glands between the genders. At the same time, the differences were significant in the organ indexes, such as lungs, adrenal glands, uterine and testicles between the normal phenotype mutant mice and the abnormal ones. And these two kinds of mice showed different amount of hemoglobin and red blood cell.

结果：B6-Co小鼠不育率22%、平均产仔数5.62±2.55只、离乳成活率56.59±41.22显著低于正常的B6小鼠，而胎间隔29.50±10.50天比正常B6小鼠短。B6-Co小鼠出生后2周内生长发育与正常B6小鼠基本一致，2周后，其生长发育慢于正常B6小鼠。B6-Co小鼠雌雄间的眼球、肺、胸腺、肾上腺的脏器指数差异有统计学意义。B6-Co表型异常小鼠与B6-Co表型正常小鼠相比，肺、肾上腺、子宫、睾丸的脏器系数差异有统计学意义。B6-Co小鼠表型异常小鼠在血红蛋白和红细胞数量上异于B6-Co表型正常小鼠。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。