异基因的

By splicing in genes from other bugs, the company was able to engineer synthetic metabolic pathways—ones that do not exist in nature—that enable the bacteria to produce isoprene from the sugars found in plant materials such as sugar cane, corn cobs and switchgrass, a tall-growing variety native to North America.

Genecor的科学家们将其它细菌的基因拼接到大肠杆菌上，从而在大肠杆菌上制造出一种自然界中不存在的代谢物合成途径。它使细菌能从植物材料中的糖分生产出异戊二烯——这些含有糖类的植物包括甘蔗、玉米芯，还有原产于北美洲的高个儿品种柳枝稷。

In the dissimilar melon breeds, it was different to hormones because of genotypes and endogenous hormones. In a same treatment, the different exhibitions of the induced process were resulted of self-conditions in different explants, including the level of hormones endogen, nutrition, and so on.

不同甜瓜品种在发生不定芽时对激素的需求是不同的，因其基因型和内源激素水平而异；6-BA是诱导甜瓜品种"白兰瓜"发生不定芽的有效激素，添加IAA不利于"白兰瓜"的不定芽诱导；同一处理中，诱导过程中的的不同表现是由不同外植体的自身状况导致的，包括外植体的内源激素水平，营养水平的差异等。

The types of histone methyltransferases, the relationship between methylation of Lysine 9 of H3 and the formation of heterochromatin, gene regulation in euchromatin, and that with DNA methylation, were mainly introduced.

主要阐述了组蛋白甲基转移酶的类型，组蛋白H3中第9位赖氨酸甲基化与异染色质的形成、常染色体中基因表达的调控，以及与DNA甲基化之间的关系，说明了组蛋白甲基化与组蛋白乙酰化、磷酸化的相互关系，指出组蛋白甲基化对维持细胞各种状态的平衡起到极其重要的作用。

They are often morphologically distinct from A chromosomes, being smallerand more highly heterochromatic in most cases. B chromosomes do not pair with Achromosomes, and they are inherited in a non-Mendelian way, exhibiting meiotic andmitotic instability and nondisjunction. However, B chromosome DNA is quiteidentical to the corresponding sequence on the A chromosome complement. So far afew B chromosome specific DNA sequence have been identified. Specific DNAsequences on B chromosome have been the attractive research area on Bchromosomes.

现已在千余种植物和近三百种动物中被发现。B染色体与物种中正常染色体不同：独立于整倍体基因组之外，减数分裂时不与A染色体发生联会和配对，细胞分裂后期不分离，非孟德尔遗传，富含异染色质，不含对宿主主要性状有影响的基因等。B染色体DNA的分子组成既与A染色体极为相似，具有A染色体DNA分子组成的一般特征：富含重复序列和转座成分，染色体三大功能组件DNA高度同源；又与之相区别，含有B染色体特异的DNA序列，这些DNA序列可以为探讨B染色体的起源和进化提供有价值的信息。

Where this condition is recognised as a problem the immediate response must be to relieve the pressure in the udder.

特殊的饲料供给因场而异，并考虑到所用的饲料，猪的基因型、猪舍设施条件和其他的管理因素。

Lots of new production technologies to enhance the competitive power of products have worked out in China's companies such as technologies for producing vitamin C manufactured via two-step zymosis; synthesizing chemically vitamin E with the domestically produced key intermediates linalool, isophytol and trimethylphenol; preparing vitamin B2 gained by genetically engineered bacterium fermentation, and commercialized production of vitamin H, etc.

我国企业研究出许多维生素生产新工艺，提高了产品的竞争力，开发的新工艺有两步发酵法生产维生素C，化学合成维生素E的关键中间体芳樟醇、异植物醇和三甲基苯酚等原料国产化，基因工程菌发酵生产维生素B2，维生素H的工业合成等。

I found that the major distinction for gene duplicability in protein complexity is between hetero-complexes, each of which includes at least two different types of subunits, and homo-complexes, which include monomers and complexes that consist of only subunits of one polypeptide type.

结果发现，基因可复制性在异复合体（由两种以上的次单元所构成的复合体，hetero-complexes）及同复合体（单体或是单一种次单元所构成的复合体，homo-complexes）之间存在明显的差异。

Rep-PCR method was used to conduct cluster analysis to the 39 bacterial isolates. rep-PCR analysis revealed that the 39 bacterial isolates could be divided into 12 clusters at the 0.9 dissimilarity percentage level. The 39 bacterial isolates had their own specific band patterns, showing obvious genomic heterogenicity and rich genotypic polymorphism genetic diversity between each isolate.

采用rep-PCR技术对39个细菌分离株进行聚类分析，在rep-PCR图谱的相异百分数为0.9的水平上被聚类为12个类群，39个分离株各自具有独特的带型，说明各细菌分离株的基因组之间存在显著异质性，表现出丰富的基因型多态性。

There are four kind of isoforms of endothelin in human and other mammals named ET-1, ET-2, ET-3 and ET-β, which are slightly different in construction and pharmacological effect. In human beings, ET-1 is the dominative subtypes. ET-1 remains in blood at a low level about 5ng per liter on physical state. It is synthesized, stored, released and metabolized locally. The half-life of ET-1 is about 1 hour. ET-1 is the most potent vasoconstrictive factor till now, and it is more functional in vein than in artery. In vascular bed, there are two kind of ET receptors. Type A mainly located in smooth muscle cells, whereas type B in endothelial cells. The latter can stimulate intimal hyperplasia via a parasecretion way and activate some oncogenes such as c-fos and c-myc and then enhance their expression. These alterations result in constriction of blood vessels, thus the SMC steps into proliferate state from silent state.

人及哺乳动物体内有四种结构及药理学性质略有差异的异物体，分别为ET-1、ET-2、ET-3、ET-β，而在人主要是ET-1，在生理条件下，ET-1在血浆中含量较低，约为5ng〓，故ET-1不是一个循环激素，而是局部合成释放，局部起作用的活性物质，半衰期约1小时，ET-1是目前已知的最强的血管收缩剂，对静脉的作用比动脉强，在血管床，ET受体有A、B两型，A型主要分布在平滑肌细胞，B型主要分布在内皮细胞，它可以通过旁分泌途径刺激内膜增生，具有有丝分裂原效应，可以激活某些癌基因如C-fos、C-myc使其表达增强引起血管收缩，使静止期SMC进入增殖期，还可以通过信号传导途径，与bFGF、GTF-β、PDGF等生长因子协同作用，起共有丝分裂原作用。

There were five groups in the examination of cellular levelK562 group,K562/A02 group,K562+ADM group,K562/A02+ADM group and K562/A02+TTD+ADM group）.The non-cytotoxicity doses to cell lines K562 and K562/A02 of TTD were got by MTT assay.Using flow cytometry (FCM assay to examine the intracellular ADM concentration.There were three groups in the examination of genic,zymologic and protein levelsK562 group,K562/A02 group and K562/A02+TTD group）.The mRNA expression of MDR was measured by fluorescent quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR.The expression levels of glutathione-S-transferase and topoisomerase Ⅱ were determined by immunohistochemical technique.

细胞水平检测实验分5组（K562组、K562/A02组、K562+ADM组、K562/A02+ADM组和K562/A02+TTD+ADM组），采用MTT法检测TTD对K562和K562/A02细胞的非细胞毒性剂量，流式细胞术检测细胞内阿霉素的浓度，基因、酶学、蛋白水平检测实验分3组（K562组、K562/A02组和K562/A02+TTD组），采用RT-PCR法检测mdr1 mRNA的表达，免疫细胞化学方法检测谷胱甘肽S转移酶π和拓扑异构酶Ⅱ的表达水平，Western-blotting法检测P-糖蛋白和bcl-2表达。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。