开采量

In order to find the reasons, we first investigated the distribution of the geothermal stations and the water extraction in the whole Shenzhou city and its vicinity, then investigated the oil extraction and water afflux in North China Oil Field.

为解释该趋势下降的原因，首先对深州市及其周边地区地热开采点的空间分布及地下热水开采量进行了详细调查，而后对华北油田采油和注水情况进行了了解。

Along with the ground water mining quantity increasing massively, it initiated the subsoil water level drops largely, ground water mining descended the funnel area to expand unceasingly, at present the partial region ground water burying depth has amounted to 30 - 40 meters.

随着地下水开采量的大量增加，引发了地下水位的大幅度下降，地下水开采降落漏斗面积不断扩大，目前局部区域的地下水埋深已达到30-40米。

From the conclusion, in order to improve the total exploitation amount or the total recovery coefficient, the government should allow enterprise to increase these abstraction of production cost such as keeping simple reproduction fee, security production cost, and ground collapse compensation fee as the increase in the exploitation quantity; count the taxes and fees based on the reserves; accurately estimate thee resource taxes and compensation fees of one ton of coal; and impose the total fees and taxes to be worked out before exploitation or at least in a shorter period after exploitation.

根据研究结论，为了提高煤炭资源总的开采量或总的回采率，政府应允许企业随着总开采量的增加而增加对维简费、安全生产费用、地面塌陷补偿费等各项生产成本的提取；按照核定储量计征税费；准确的估计吨煤的资源税和吨煤的补偿费；在开采前或者在很短的时间内征收计算出来的税费总额。

When production can be greater than production, give rise to a series of hydro-geological environment.

当开采量大于可开采量时，会引起一系列的水文地质环境问题。

Starting with the elevation of underground water resources and a safe level of mining through variable system theory, this paper analyzes the conditions of underground water resources based on the well-studied determination method of determining the two hydrographical coefficients: rainfall infiltration replenishment rate and irrigation replenishment rate. Then considering irrigation, rainfall, drainage and other related factors, a mathematical model is set up for the calculation of underground water storage,exploitation on water regulation. After analyzing the adaptability of molepipe drainage, an underground water table regulation is given out.

论文从灌区的地下水资源及其可开采量评价分析方面入手，在对两个主要的水文地质参数即降雨入渗补给系数、灌溉入渗补给系数确定方法研究的基础上，对灌区的地下水资源状况进行分析，依据灌区的灌溉、降雨、排水条件及各种现状因素，建立了地下水资源量计算的数学模型，西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文计算得到青铜峡灌区地下水的最大补给量和可开采量；另外对在开发利用地下水资源过程中的地下水位的调控进行了初步的探讨，在银北灌区开展对暗管排水调控地下水位的试验研究。

The evapotranspiration in the groundwater evaporation zone must be pirated and the pumpage of Huanhe irrigation district should be increased.

按平水年袭夺潜水蒸发条件下的最优开采模数调整开采井布局和开采量，袭夺潜水蒸发带潜水蒸发量，扩大环河灌区的井采规模。

By solving management model, the optimal groundwater withdrawal 〓 of the Wuwei Basin in two irrigation periods are obtained,〓 shows that the pumping condition of groundwater in the region can divided into six sub-regions: the pumping sub-region with maximum 〓 is located in the river courses; the sub-region with minimum 〓 in the spring overflow zone; and non-pumping sub-region in the 〓 irrigated districts and desert area, and that the unique way to crese groundwater pumpage is to pirate evapotranspiration in the oundwater evaporation zone.

通过管理模型的运转，获得了武威盆地平水年、枯水年、丰水年三个典型年份各灌期地下水的最优开采方案。按年最优开采模数，区域地下水的开采条件可分为六个区，地下水最强的开采区位于出山河流的主河道、石羊大河和洪水河沿岸，最弱的地区为泉水溢出带，河水谨区和沙漠区下开采地下水。同时表明，袭夺潜水蒸发量可增加地下水的开采量，该区现状条件下增加地下水的开采量的唯一途径是袭夺潜水蒸发带地下水蒸发量。

The success rate of mining is up to 99% and with little waste of stone ballast and dust and pollution reduction.

日开采量50～100立方，成本85元/立方，开采石材的成品率99％以上，极大的提高自然利用率，开采产生的石渣、灰尘少，大大降低污染程度。

For each strategy, a corresponding exploitation plan of groundwater was designed. Then each designed exploitation plan (except scheme 3) was put into the model for calculation and simulation. The analysis on the forecasting results every plan indicates that:(1) Shuting down the self-provided wells is the most direct and effective method, playing an important role in the land subsidence prevention.(2) The resumption of compressed soil by groundwater artificial recharge is limited. So the artificial recharge can\'t provide essential effect for the resumption of land subsidence, unless the artificial recharge is much more than the groundwater withdrawal.(3) The method of "adjusting the exploitation stratum of groundwater to the shallow" has an obvious effect on the land subsidence prevention.(4)"Sand wells" can increase the leakage recharge for confined aquifer, and thus can slow and prevent the development of the land subsidence.(5) For the groundwater exploitation in Xi\'an, emergency self-provided wells should be managed according to the well spacing of 1600m, 2000m and 1600m, respectively, in the river terrace area, alluvial-proluvial fan area and loess tableland area to exploit the first confined groundwater. Corresponding individual well yield can be set as 2500m~3/d, 1500 m~3/d and 200 m~3/d. Make emergency self-provided wells pump in the dry year and stop pumping groundwater to restore and conserve underground water sources in average years and wet years. In this way, groundwater withdrawal of 162000m~3/d can be obtained to provide for the supplement of water supply in Xi\'an. As a result, the water supply stress can be released in dry years. The groundwater depression formed in the exploiting year can resume in 3-4 years. At the same time, this exploitation manner will not lead to obvious land subsidence.

本文利用所建的模型预测了现状开采条件下未来20年的地下水位和地面沉降的变化，在此基础上，提出了防治西安市地面沉降的五个地下水开采方案，利用所建的地面沉降模型对各个设计方案其进行了模拟和预报，对预测结果的分析表明：①封停自备井是防治地面沉降最为直接和最有效的对策，对防治地面沉降起着最为积极的作用；②采用人工回灌方法使被压缩的土层得到的恢复是非常有限的，对地面沉降不能起到根治作用，只有回灌量明显大于开采量时才能有一定的效果；③&调整开采层次，在浅层取水&对防治地面沉降的效果十分明显；④布设&砂井&可以增加对承压含水层的越流补给量，从而可以有效地缓解和控制地面沉降的发生和发展；⑤对西安市的地下水开采，可在河流阶地区、冲洪积扇区和黄土塬区分别采用1600m、2000m、1600m的井间距布置应急自备井，分别采用2500m~3/d、1500 m~3/d和200 m~3/d的单井开采量，开采第一承压水，在平水年或者丰水年不开采，涵养地下水源，在枯水年启动这些应急自备井开采，在输出分析范围内共可获得162000 m~3/d(5913万m~3/a)开采量，可以有效地补充西安市的供水水源，缓解供水紧张局面，开采年开采导致的下降的水位可在停采3～4年后得到基本恢复，同时，这种开采方式不会造成大的地面沉降量。

Plateau basin surrounding karst groundwater resources to strengthen the investigation and identify the volume of 998 million cubic meters of mined / year; Southwest karst areas to 180 billion cubic meters of underground water resources / year, the volume of 77 billion cubic meters of mined / year; Southwest completed eight provinces 339 counties 740,000 square kilometres trees remote sensing surveys; Preliminary identification of the geological environment of the Yellow River source region ecological conditions change, first proposed the freezing cold caused a drop in water level at Sheung Shui and Yuen district water meadow degradation of the important reasons for the deterioration of the environment.

加强鄂尔多斯盆地周边岩溶地下水资源的调查，查明可开采量9.98亿立方米／年；西南岩溶地区的地下水资源为1800亿立方米／年，可开采量770亿立方米／年；完成西南八省339个县74万平方公里石漠化遥感调查；初步查明了黄河源区生态地质环境变化状况，首次提出冻结层上水水位下降是造成高寒草甸退化和源区水环境恶化的重要原因。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。