开采

Methods of measuring the input components, their prices and output elements are given. We put forward some new methods in measuring components, including composite depreciation rate, equality working hours, and proxy of input resources. Using the mature methods of efficiency measurement and decomposition available, we make a detailed investigation into 4 listing companies of oil industry with a span of 12 periods. Basic conclusions we draw include: labor inputs affects oil field output mostly in China; China oil fields operates in a low technical efficiency level average of 0.61; Increasing difficulties with expanding output has the greatest influence on cost; Cost efficiency of China oil fields averages at 1.47; Total factor productivity of China oil fields averages at 10%, accounting for 79% of the total output growth rate of 12.6%; Frontier technology progress contributes the most to TFP of China oil fields with 17 percentage points.

本文沿用了已有文献中关于效率计量与分解的成熟方法，对我国三家油田上市公司与一家上市石油公司12个时期的技术效率与成本效率进行了详细的计量、分解与分析，得到的基本结论有：劳动力投入是影响我国油田上市公司产出的最重要的影响因素；油田的平均技术效率仅为0.61；产出项是影响成本的显著因素，这说明随着产出增加而出现的开采难度增加是导致开采成本增加的重要因素；油田的平均成本效率为1.47；全要素生产率的增长平均在10％左右，占到了产出平均增长率12.6％的79％，表明我国油田的生产率的提高主要是依靠全要素生产率的提高而实现的，只有21％左右的产出增长是依靠要素投入而实现的；前沿技术进步是油田全要素生产率增长的主要源泉，在2001～2004年期间，前沿技术进步对油田生产率的贡献高达17个百分点。

This new model is more applicable for recovery analysis of condensate gas reservoirs.

该方法采用的新模型更符合凝析气藏的开采过程中的真实情况，对凝析气藏开采分析研究有指导意义。

The paper has studied the strata distributive character and engineering geologic property of bed rock zone of weathering in cryptical coal field, based on large of data form testing and real-field materials, taking importance on the laws of overlying destruction and underground pressure behavior and the mechanism of decreasing protective coal columns while extracting proximity zone of weathering .

以大量实验数据和现场测试资料为依据，研究了隐伏煤田基岩风化带岩体的分布特点及工程地质特性，重点论述了邻近风化带开采的覆岩破坏和矿山压力显现规律以及缩小防护煤柱的机理，为类似矿井的资源回收与安全开采提供了依据。

The paper discussed release possibility of toxic and harmful elements during gold mining.It presented the major envi-ronmental problems that are cyanidation setups and Acid Mine drainage during gold mining.

本文主要对金矿开采中有毒有害元素的释放进行了探讨，明确了在金矿开采过程中主要的环境问题是氰化物堆浸和酸性矿坑排水问题。

As a result of the great decliner, the groundwater system's recharge, runoff and discharge have evolved from charactered with rain-evaporation to with exploitation; and the natural flow field charactered with flowing from piedmont to coastal plain have changed into the new charactered with exploitation, and of which groundwater decrease cones as the convergers.

水位大幅下降，使华北平原浅层地下水系统以降水-蒸发为主导的天然补径排方式演变为以人工开采为主导的新的补径排方式，从山前平原经中部平原向滨海流动的天然地下水流场演变为以开采为主导、以地下水水位降落漏斗为汇点的新流场。

Ecological compensation of coal exploitation is not only compensation for the degeneration of national ecology,but also for the denizen in mining areas.

煤炭开采生态补偿是指在煤炭资源开采过程中，对依附于煤炭资源之上的自然生态系统造成破坏和矿区居民遭受损失给予补偿。

Meanwhile, the state-owned Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation, in a joint venture with two controversial South African companies, is continuing to mine the Chiadzwa diamond field, in the country's east, despite an order by Zimbabwe's Supreme Court to desist, since the mine's ownership is disputed.

与此同时，国有的津巴布韦矿业开发公司通过与两家有争议的南非公司组建的合资公司，继续在该国东部的Chiadzwa钻石矿场进行开采，尽管津巴布韦最高法院因该矿场所有权存在争议曾下令停止开采。

Oil exploitation mining method is facing a great challenge: changing from Steam Air Gorge and Disgorge to a new method, it is a inevitable need for the new dynamic test.

石油开采面临由蒸汽吞吐向新的开采方式转换的巨大挑战，新的动态测试方式是必然需要。

At the same time, the technology of coal mining also developer quickly, compare with before mine exploitation is much more centralize, production and new building mine are increasing accretion. Because of this the character of mine size, exploitation deep, assistant exaltation and gas effuse are gradually increasing.

同时，采煤技术也迅速发展，矿井开采的集中化程度日益提高，生产和新建矿井的井型日益增大，逐渐形成井田尺寸小、开采深度大、辅助提升任务大和瓦斯涌出量增加等特点。

In order to realize safety mining of mine, it is necessary to research on the overlying formation's movement rule caused by underground mining and its effect on the ground surface movement.

为实现矿山的安全开采，必须对地下开采引起的上覆岩层的移动规律及其对地表移动的影响进行研究。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。