开采

The earth's surface subsidence is one of the disasters caused by coal exploitation.

矿山开采过程中引起的地表沉陷，为了解决这一问题对覆岩离层的产生机理进行了研究。

Spontaneous combustion of sulfide ores is one of the major hazards in safe mining of sulfurous ore deposits.

硫化矿石自燃是硫化矿床开采过程中的重大灾害之一。

Pollution always happens during mining process, particularly the sullage.

矿山开采过程中常常伴随著环境排污，其中又以污水污染较为严重。

So why has it taken so long to move towards the commercial exploitation of deep sea massive sulphide deposits?

为什么过了这么长的时间我们才对深海里数量巨大的硫矿开始商业性开采？

It would result in interaction and superimposition of the two kinds of mining effects.

由于在地下与露天复合开采影响下，两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠，致使其采动效应相互作用和相互叠加，从而组成一个复合动态系统。

It would result in interaction and superimposition of the two kinds of mining effect s.

由于在地下与露天复合开采影响下，两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠，致使其采动效应相互作用和相互叠加，从而组成一个复合动态系统。

The structure is founded in superincumbent strata after mining, namely Incline rock-beam and Instability of structures will affect strata behavior and result in destruction of superincumbent strata.

结构体的存在对于开采过程中的矿压显现产生了显著影响，围岩破坏实质上是由于结构体失稳造成的。

In a word, the use of the pressure test observation, similar simulations, numerical simulation, theoretical analysis, and other means, analyzed systematic to the behavior of superincumbent strata in mining 45 degree coal seams using horizontal section top-coal caving ,and it is for the 45 degree coal seams safe, high-yielding, and high efficiency production of research is of great significance.

综上所述，本文利用现场实测、相似模拟、数值模拟、理论分析等手段，较系统地对45°煤层水平分段综放开采后的上覆岩层移动破坏规律进行了分析，对于45°煤层安全高产高效生产的研究具有重要的意义。

On the superincumbent strata of the study, simulating model test is firstly carried to manifest there must have certain structure in superincumbent strata. Secondly, come out the formula of superincumbent strata load and roofs utmost span.

对上覆岩层的研究中，首先运用相似模拟实验直观表明开采过程中上覆岩层中存在的结构体；给出了上覆岩层载荷q和顶板极限垮距的表达式。

The problem has been studied from two sides, firstly, from the viewpoint of applicability, based on the development strategic objectives of the oil company, with the aim to unify the exploration and extraction decisions of the resources in an integrated framework, and integrate the macro economic and technical objectives with micro economic and technical models of an oil well, an integrated non-linear dynamic optimal control model has been constructed, the objective is the benefit maximum of the exploration and extraction of the resources, and the optimalstrategies are obtained by changing the problem into a non-linear mathematical programming problem, on the other hand, from the more macro level, based on the analysis of the characteristics of the exploration and extraction activities of oil and gas resources, a conclusion is easily deduced that the procedure is full of randomicity, then discovering procedure of oil deposit is proved to be a Poisson process, and the reserves process is a supermartingale process, so the model of exploration discovery rate and the reserves model could be constructed.

其次从相对更宏观的层次上，通过对油气资源勘探与开发的特点分析，认为具有很强的随机性，证明了勘探活动发现油气藏的过程为一泊松过程，所发现的油气藏储量为一上鞅过程，在此基础上，建立了油气藏勘探发现率模型及储量模型，在油气价格服从几何布朗运动条件下，以油气开采收益最大化为目标，建立了一个油气资源勘探与开发的随机最优控制模型，采用动态规划方法得到了值函数的HJB方程，并针对方程的特点，以及方程及其变量所对应的经济学意义，对最优策略的求解进行了一些讨论。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。