开始攻击

From December 1937 events such as the Japanese attack on the USS Panay and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion, which prompted the United States, the United Kingdom , and France to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to Republic of China .

鉴于日军在菲律宾班乃岛攻击美军军舰的行为以及日军在南京大屠杀中的暴行，日本给西方公众的印象已经改变-西方公众转而反对日本，同时日军的上述暴行也使西方各国担心日本会加强其军事扩张，损害西方各国的利益，这种情况下，美国，英国和法国相继自1937年12月起开始给中华民国政府提供军用物资合同及贷款，支援中国的抗日战争。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。