度量

You can then measure the error using a statistical measurement to describe both how well a pattern reproduces historical data and to estimate how accurately it forecasts the data into the future.

你可以利用统计度量的方法对误差进行度量，从而对历史数据的结构进行复制，对未来预测数据的准确性进行描述。

Chapter 4 uses empirical analysis to test the convexity and subadditivity of VaR, ES and TCE, and test the validity of VaR and ES by back test in China stock market.

第四章——市场风险度量的实证比较分析采用实证分析方法，以我国股票市场的历史数据为样本数据，对VaR、ES和TCE进行凸性和次可加性检验；通过返回检验对VaR和ES两种风险度量在我国股票市场的有效性进行实证检验。

VaR is an important measure of risk which has been extensively recognized in the areaof finance, but it is not a Coherent Measure of Risk by reason of lack of subadditivity.

VaR ( Value at Risk ，简称为VaR )是金融界广泛认同的重要的风险度量，但它不满足次可加性，不是一致性风险度量。

Since the commonly-used parameter analysis method is liable to cause the diversity of results in style investment analysis, the method of subdominant ultra-metric space is introduced to the study of style investment. Subdominant ultra-metric space is provided with the exactly defined topology sequence, and corresponded with index hierarchical structure and style.

针对常用的参数分析方法在证券风格投资分析中容易导致结果的差异性问题，提出将亚超度量空间方法引入到风格投资研究中，因为具有准确定义拓扑序列的亚超度量空间与指数分层结构、风格能够一一对应。

Firstly, the distance between stocks are calculated by using prices of stocks, and subdominant ultra-metric space by associating the minimum spanning tree of portfolio. Secondly, the subdominant ultra-metric space to the chart of index hierarchical structure is transformed, and finally the distribution of style is gained. Using sample of Shanghai Stock 50 Index from 2004 to 2007, the demonstration result shows that style of industry is more prominent horizontally, especially in the bank and steel industries. The style of region and cross holding also exists. And after the reform of non-tradable shares, style of industry becomes more obvious vertically and more other styles also occur.

首先利用股票价格计算出股间距离，并采用关联该证券组合的最小生成树优化方法，从而得到亚超度量空间；其次将此亚超度量空间转换成指数分层结构树图，最后得到风格的分布特征。2004~2007年的上证50实证结果表明：横向来看以行业分类的风格较为显著，其中以银行和钢铁也最为明显，此外还有与地区差异、交叉持股相关的风格效应显现；纵向则在股改后行业风格效应更显著，其它的风格也显现得更多。

To effectively reconfigure General Bill of Material, reconfiguration process of GBOM based on data-mining was proposed. BOM instances were represented by the weighted unordered tree graph generally, and the algorithm of similarity measurement between two similar BOM instances were presented based on the minimum weighted symmetric difference. In terms of the results of the similarity measurement, all the typical BOM instances were clustered based on the k-Means clustering method.

为有效地重构新型的通用物料清单，提出了基于数据挖掘的通用物料清单重构过程，运用赋权无序树形图表示产品物料清单实例，基于最小赋权对称相异度给出了相似物料清单实例之间的相似度度量算法；基于物料清单实例之间的相似度度量结果，采用k-Means聚类方法对物料清单实例进行聚类。

Tradition method of risk tolerance believe that the yield distribution of option obey normal distribution the result always be asperity and the error is relatively great.

传统的风险度量方法假设期权的收益率分布服从正态分布，度量的结果往往显得粗糙，误差较大。

We introduce a set of real functions H, and use to it to give a fixed point theorem of tother type for complex mappings on complete metric spaces, which improves and generalizes the corresponding results on compact metric spaces or under the condition of weakening compactness obtained by Fisher, Telci and Xu Xiao-li, respectively.

利用引入的实函数类H，在完备度量空间上给出了复合映射的另一种类型的不动点定理，改进并推广了Fisher、Telci和徐晓立等在紧致度量空间上或在弱化紧性条件下得到的相应结果。

At last, we discussed the precision measure method of the algorithm. We made a series of simulation experiments, and analyzed the error between the true track and the nearest points track.

分析了算法的精度度量方法，进行仿真试验，对测量航迹和匹配后的航迹间的误差进行定量分析，完成了对算法的精度度量。

In surface shape identification we introduce the uniform flat metric and the hyperbolic uniformization metric.

在曲面识别方面，本文介绍了平坦度量和一致度量的概念。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。