底梁

Ansys-finite element analysis is used to figure out the capability of steel corbel reinforcing the negative bending moment part of continuous beam or cantilever beam in reducing stress peak.

本文采用有限元计算手段分析了在悬臂粱或连续梁负弯矩梁底粘锚钢支托牛腿加固对应力峰值的削减作用，并予以实例证

Analysis had been carried out on the models of representative deck thickness and hinge joint depth with centre load and side load applied.

分析结果表明，随着桥面板厚度的增加，板梁挠度及板梁底横向拉应力逐渐减小，铰缝内的横向拉应力和竖向剪应力逐渐减小；随着铰缝深度的加大，各板梁挠度差逐渐减小，板梁底横向拉应力逐渐增大，铰缝内的横向拉应力和竖向剪应力逐渐减小；并且随着桥面板厚度的增加，铰缝深度对板梁桥的刚度及受力性能的影响效果逐渐降低。

The results of lattice beam internal force calculated method based on double parameter groundsill model are more approach the experiment measured values because of consideration of the pass of shearing force in soil, and its calculated workloads are similar with the method of winkler elastic foundation. Besides, the thesis also discusses the moment of torque affected results on node stress situation and the correction of stress value at the bottom of cross node of lattice beam. Due to the repeat calculation of node area during internal force calculation, the stress value of the bottom of beam is lower, this may lead the calculated value unsafe, but the corrected stress value will more approach to practical situation.

对格构梁的内力计算提出基于双参数地基模型的格构梁内力计算方法，其计算结果表明，双参数地基模型上的格构梁内力由于考虑土中剪力的传递更加接近于试验实测值，其计算工作量与winkler弹性地基梁法相当，此外，文中还探讨了扭矩作用对格构梁节点受力情况的影响结果以及格构梁交叉节点底部的应力值的修正，由于内力计算过程中节点处的面积被重复计算，使得梁底应力偏小，可能导致计算结果的偏于不安全，修正后的应力值更接近于实际情况。

The paper makes description of effective box beam construction technology and workmanship which can be adopted in other projects,such technologies as:manufacturing and fixing of reinforcement,steel reinforcement fixing baseplate,web plate and top plate respectively and lifting the steel skeleton into form,requirements of design and manufacturing and way of utilization for dismantling-erection type formwork and hydraulic formwork,optimization of concrete ratio,concrete pouring process of two ends of beam in priority over the middle,in sequence of first baseplate followed by web plate and top plate at last,concrete pouring in inclined section and in horizontal layer,concrete vibration mainly byexternal vibrator in assistance with internal vibrator,methods and regulation for steam curing of concrete,dual controls over stress and strain to ensure quality of prestressing workmanship,construction method of effective beam moving by heavy-weight special moving facility,some regulations and key notes about construction of grouting under pressure,beam ends sealing,water-proof layer on the bridge surface system,protective coating.

文中介绍的采用胎具制作和绑扎钢筋，分底腹板和顶板分别绑扎并吊装钢筋骨架入模；拆装式和液压式两种模板的设计、制作要求和使用方法；综合考虑、优化混凝土配合比，混凝土灌注从两端至中间、先底板、后腹板、再顶板的施工顺序和斜向分段、腹板水平分层、附着式振捣为主、插入式捣固为辅的施工工艺，蒸汽养护的方法和规定；应力～应变双控制确保预应力施工质量的施工技术；采用重物移运器有效移梁的施工方法；压浆、封端、桥面防水层和保护层施工的一些规定和注意事项等都是对箱梁制造行之有效的施工技术和施工方法，并可为以后类似施工作借鉴。

There are many problems in the carling forming and unloading processes such as expand and shrink of U section wall, the torsion of U section and the warp of carling head.

针对纵梁冲压成形及卸载后发生的U型截面侧壁的外扩、内缩、扭转以及纵向端头翘曲等问题，首先分析了纵梁的成形及回弹变形机理，利用仿真分析软件KMAS进行了数值模拟并采用半解析、半实验方法研究了纵梁底面翘曲，找出模具结构的最佳方案。

There are many problems in the carling forming and unloading processes such as expand and shrink of U section wall, the torsion of U section and the warp of carling head. These problems are concerned by the carling factories and do not solved for a long time. The mechanism of the carling forming and spring back is analyzed. The carling forming and spring back processes are simulated by KMAS software. The warp of carling underside is researched by half analytic and half experiment method and the best scheme is found by this method.

针对纵梁冲压成形及卸载后发生的U型截面侧壁的外扩、内缩、扭转以及纵向端头翘曲等问题，首先分析了纵梁的成形及回弹变形机理，利用仿真分析软件KMAS进行了数值模拟并采用半解析、半实验方法研究了纵梁底面翘曲，找出模具结构的最佳方案。

In fact, there are a lot of shortcomings such as beams and for larger cross-section of the beam, particularly steel-reinforced self-respect a lot, so the installation of steel beams in the beam must be installed after the end of the template, the beam side of the module should be installed in bars Complete collection experience and qualified after installation.

其实这样有很大的缺点，因为针对与梁截面面积较大的梁，钢筋特别密集，钢筋自重很大，所以在梁钢筋安装必须在梁底模板安装后进行，梁的侧模应在钢筋安装完毕并经验收合格后才安装。

The ZTP II series rubber support is suitable for T girder. it uses the column kneading board and the roof coordination, to make it only carry on longitudinally automatic stepless moved slope, which may avoid the question of the girder list effectively, moreover, ZTP series rubber support because its can adapt the random orientation slope, the bottom of the girder the embedded steel plate does not allow to design the wedge shaped block, therefore specially

ZTPⅡ系列橡胶支座更适用于T型梁，它采用柱面板和顶板的配合，使其只能进行纵向的自动无级调坡，可以有效地避免架梁时的侧倾问题，另外，ZTP系列橡胶支座由于其能适应任意方向的坡度，梁底预埋钢板不许设计楔形块，因此特别适宜于在顶推连续梁上采用。

In high-rise building, transfer girder co-works with the above structure, which will form a drag bar arc system after crack appears on the bottom.

在高层建筑中转换梁和上部结构存在着共同工作的特性，当转换梁梁底混凝土允许开裂时，转换梁中会形成较为明显的拉杆拱体系。

In the fire performance study, the charring rate of side and bottom were ranged from 0.587 to 0.750 mm/min and 0.709 to 0.897 mm/min for China fir glulam, 0.643 to 0.770 mm/min and 0.644 to 0.911 mm/min for Japanese cedar glulam, 0.608 to 0.757 mm/min and 0.614 to 0.817 mm/min for Taiwania glualm, 0.588 to 0.627 mm/min and 0.632 to 0.694 mm/min for Douglas-fir glulam, and 0.530 to 0.568 mm/min and 0.566 to 0.583 mm/min for Southern pine glualm, respectively. The results indicated that the charring rate in all glulam showed a decreasing order in Taiwania＞Japanese cedar ＞China fir ＞Douglas-fir＞Southern pine glulam.

集成材之火灾特性上，炭化速度方面：杉木集成梁侧面之炭化速度为0.587 - 0.750 mm/min；底面之炭化速度为0.709 - 0.897 mm/min；柳杉集成梁侧面之炭化速度为0.643 - 0.770 mm/min；底面之炭化速度为0.644 - 0.911 mm/min；台湾杉集成梁侧面之炭化度为0.608 - 0.757 mm/min；底面之炭化速度为0.614 – 0.817 mm/min；花旗松集成梁侧面之炭化速度为0.588 - 0.627 mm/min；底面之炭化速度为0.632 - 0.694 mm/min；南方松集成梁侧面之炭化速度为0.530 - 0.568 mm/min；底面之炭化速度为0.566 - 0.583 mm/min，有南方松集成材优於花旗松集成材，依序为杉木集成材、柳杉集成材、台湾杉集成材之趋势。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。