应答

Compared with classical cytotoxic T lymphocytes , NK cells are superior in the following aspects: NK cells are among the first cell types to be activated after intracellular pathogen stimuli, the activity of NK cells peaked between 1 to 3 days, retained during the first 7-10 days, and the T cells response emerged only after 7 days when the NK cell responses begin to decline; though comprising of only 10％-15％ of peripheral lymphocytes, NK cells mobilize most of the cell populations in a strong and high level response to different invasions, and act as key factors at early defense before a specific immune response could mount, while only certain clones were involved in T cell response; NK cells kill virus-infected or malignant transformed cells without pre-sensitization and without restriction by major histocompatibility antigen, which is usually a mechanism of immune escape to T cell recognition by virus-infected or tumor cells, thus NK cell in complementary with T cells play crucial roles in tumor and virus eradication.

NK细胞以其强大的细胞毒活性为特征，与细胞毒性T细胞相比，NK细胞具有如下特点：NK细胞虽然只占外周血淋巴细胞的10-15％，但是对刺激性因素产生应答的过程十分迅速，一次可以调动大多数细胞共同参与，而不是几个克隆的活化，免疫应答的强度高；病毒感染或恶性转化细胞的一个主要特征是细胞表达的MHCⅠ类分子下降或消失，并借助这一机制逃避特异性T细胞应答的识别，NK细胞介导的杀伤活性无需抗原刺激，不受MHCⅠ分子表达的限制，从而与T细胞应答互为补充发挥免疫防御的功能；NK细胞的免疫活性可以被多种细胞因子上调，其中IFNα，IL-2，IL-12，IL-15和IL-18具备更强的作用；NK细胞具有强大的细胞因子分泌功能，对于启动T细胞特异性应答必不可少。

They connect innate and acquired immunity, and restrictedly recognize glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d molecule. NKT cells secrete a great quantity of cytokines rapidly which regulate human immune response after being activated.

他能将先天性免疫应答和获得性免疫应答连接起来，限制性识别CD1d-糖脂抗原、活化后迅速分泌大量细胞因子从而调节机体的免疫应答。

The court further held that petitioner was a "public figure" for purposes of determining respondents' liability; that respondents were protected by the First Amendment thereby requiring petitioner to prove "actual malice"; and that based on the depositions, affidavits, and pleadings there was no genuine issue of material fact on the issue of actual malice, neither respondents' failure to investigate nor unfair editing and summarizing being sufficient to establish "actual malice."

法院更进一步举行上访人决定应答者的责任为目的是"民众演算"；哪一应答者被第一个改善保护了藉此需要上访人真实的恶意；和基于沈淀，口供和辩论那里是没有在真实的恶意议题上的物质事实的真正议题，皆不应答者无法调查也不不公平的编辑和概述充份建立"真实的恶意。"

The slow and constant HBV infection has distinct connection with the identification, responsion and endurance of HBV antigen by human immune systems.

HBV感染的慢性化和持续感染与免疫系统对HBV抗原的识别、应答和耐受明显相关，因此HBV特异性免疫应答对决定慢性乙肝病毒感染者的病程、病理和转归有极重要的意义，是什么因素导致了机体免疫系统一系列的免疫异常进而导致对HBV感染的持续无应答状态和疾病的慢性化过程？

The study concluded:(1)three-dose IM revaccination could keep protective antibody and more importantly immunologic memory for a long time and play an important role for prevention from HBV infection in non-responders, though its efficacy could not reach the level of primary vaccination in responders;(2)although low-dose ID revaccination could induce a high proportion of non-responders to respond to vaccine, its long-term efficacy was significantly poor compared with IM revaccination with the same number of injections.

结果证实：无应答者3针常规剂量肌肉复种远期效果虽然达不到应答者初种的水平，但确能有效维持保护水平抗体、特别是免疫记忆的长期存在，在预防HBV感染方面能发挥重要的免疫保护作用；小剂量皮内复种虽能诱导高的抗体应答率，但远期效果明显不如相同针次常规剂量肌肉复种。

By regularly testing for HBV serological markers, assessing HBsAg-specific T lymphocyte response in vitro by the end of follow-up, and giving a booster dose and estimating anti-HBs anamnestic response thereafter, the study, for the first time, gave a comprehensive evaluation for five-year efficacy of a three-dose revaccination in non-responders based on persistence of anti-HBs, preservation of immunologic memory, and prevention from HBV infection, and in additon compared low-dose ID revaccination with routine-dose IM revaccination.

本项目以健康学龄儿童为研究对象，严格筛检无应答者，用应答者作为同期观察对照，通过定期随访检测抗-HBs、HBsAg和抗-HBc，随访结束时检测HBsAg特异性T细胞免疫以及加强一针后检测抗-HBs回忆应答，从抗体持续时间、免疫记忆维持和预防HBV感染等几个方面首次系统评价了无应答者3针复种后5年效果，并比较了相同针次常规剂量肌肉复种与小剂量皮内复种效果。

In, hand in hand, think up, express one's satisfaction with, try out, blame for, have the advantage of, get rid of, break down, throw away, keep off, carry on, once in a while, as long as, at war, fall into ruins, to one's delight, take charge, but for, fix the date, in search of, on the point of doing,be proud of

交际 肯定与不肯定；决断、坚持、建议、命令、禁止、警告；就餐；同意与不同意；判断和意见；道歉、遗憾和应答；看病；预见、猜测和相信；学习话剧中的日常用语；提供帮助及应答；表示愿望、祝福、打算、意愿；表示歉意和遗憾及应答；邀请、征询意见及应答；请求许可及应答；电话用语；提出建议；决心、决定、坚持；可能与不可能；禁止与警告；推测与相信；约会、约定

Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response to outstrip the liver ' s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient ' s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.

我们的假设是：（1）许多种老鼠纯粹就是无法发起一场足够强的摧毁性免疫应答（immune-response），以压倒肝脏相对较强的保护自身免遭免疫应答损害的能力；（2）所观察到的系统性无应答状态，是由于受移植者的供者特异性淋巴细胞集结在肝脏移植物所在的部位所致。

In heat shock protein gp96-peptide complexes induced tumor rejection model,antigen specific CD8T cells adoptively transffered into perforin knock out mice failed to proliferate and differentiate into CTLs whereas co-transfer of wide type NK cells rescued the clonal expansion and CTL differentiation of transferred CDST cells.These results suggested important immuno-modulatory roles of perforin and presumably different roles of perforin secreted by NK cells versus by CD8~+ CTLs.

例如，在热休克蛋白Gp96-肽复合体所诱导的抗肿瘤免疫应答中，穿孔素基因敲除小鼠中单独回输的野生型CD8T细胞不能产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答，而同时回输野生型NK细胞能够恢复CTL应答。

An embodiment of the invention discloses an automatic retransmission requesting method in a relay network. The method comprises the following procedures: storing the data and transmitting the data to the receiving end when a relay station RS confirms that the data from the transmitting side is correctly received; returning an affirmative response of the corresponding data to the transmitting side by the RS when the RS confirms that the data corresponding to the response information is correctly received by the receiving end according to the response information from the receiving end; and retransmitting the corresponding data when the RS confirms that the data stored by itself is not correctly received by the receiving end according to the response information.

本发明实施例公开了一种中继网络中的自动重传请求方法，该方法包括：中继站RS确定正确接收到来自发端的数据时，保存所述数据，将所述数据转发给收端；所述RS根据来自所述收端的应答信息，确认所述应答信息对应的数据已被所述收端正确接收，则向所述发端返回对应数据的肯定应答；所述RS根据所述应答信息确定自身已保存的数据未被所述收端正确接收，则向所述收端重传对应数据。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。