应用化学

Mechanism of chemical attack of the deicer on concrete were investigated by measuring strength, expansion and the amount of scaling of concrete, and XRD, DTA analysis.

通过测定混凝土强度、膨胀和剥落量，应用XRD、DTA分析，研究了除冰盐(NaCl或CaCl2 )对混凝土化学侵蚀的机理。

The deoxygenation method which is often used in China at the present,both physical method(heating power deoxygenation ,analysis deoxygenation ,vacuum deoxygenation )and chemical deoxygenation (hurling Na-2SO-3 method directly,Fe filings method,hydrazine method) have a certain problem when is used in middle or small boiler supply water.

国内目前常用的锅炉除氧方法，无论是物理法(热力除氧、解析除氧、真空除氧)还是化学除氧(亚硫酸钠直接加入法、铁屑法、联氨法)，应用于中小型锅炉补给水的除氧都存在一定问题。

It has been widely used in biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology and clinical diagnostics.

蛋白质和核酸的分析是生命科学研究领域中的重要课题，并被广泛地应用于生物化学、分子生物学、生物技术和临床诊断等很多领域。

The standard Determination of the chemical oxygen demand is dichromate method , with the most widespread application.

测定化学需氧量的标准方法是重铬酸盐法，应用最为广泛。

In this paper,by the University has been the chemical knowledge of the potassium dichromate has no mercury titration experiment, given the conditions and the determination of reliable analytical methods.

本文应用大学已获得的化学知识，对已有的重铬酸钾无汞滴定法进行实验研究，给出了测定条件和可靠的分析方法。

Ceramic materials have the advantages of good chemical stability,high-temperature resistance,size stability and light diffuse reflection .

陶瓷材料具有良好的化学稳定性、耐高温性、尺寸稳定性、光漫反射特性等优点，在大功率激光器上有较好的应用前景。

Similarly, over the last 30 years flame-retardant chemicals known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers have been widely used, although little is known about their broader effects.

类似地，在过去的30年里，像我们知道的多溴二苯醚等阻燃化学药剂也被广泛应用，但我们并不了解它们具有的其他功能。

It is very difficult to eliminate these influence factors completely by conventional treatment. Surface properties and surface treatment of ultrafine red phosphorus and MMT and their interface properties with polymer matrices were studied in this thesis. The results were characterized by GC, FTIR, XRD, DTA, TG, XPS, UV, SEM, TEM and other physical and chemical methods. The main contents are as following: 1. The study of factors influencing ultrafine red phosphorus's invariability and phosphine liberation indicated red phosphorus undergone oxidation and dismutation reaction in air, and trace ion of iron, copper and nickel fastened water absorption and oxidation, in which the effect of copper ion was the most, while aluminium and zinc ion could slow down red phosphorus'oxidation, and silver ion had the best effect on red phosphorus moisture absorption. Inhibitors such as aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, organic phenol and ferrous potassuim cyanide had a good effect on reducing red phosphorus moisture absorption and restraining phosphine liberation.

本文围绕纳微米材料的表面处理及其在高聚物基体中的应用这一主题，系统地研究了超细红磷和蒙脱土两种常见材料的表面特性、表面处理方法及其与高聚物基体的界面特性，通过气相色谱、红外光谱、X射线衍射、差热、热重、X射线光电子能谱仪、紫外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜等现代分析仪器以及其它物理、化学方法对实验结果进行了表征和分析，全文主要内容如下： 1、对影响超细红磷安定性的因素以及磷化氢的缓释研究表明：红磷在空气中发生缓慢氧化、歧化反应，微量的铜、铁、镍等金属离子增加了它的吸水和氧化速度，其中铜离子的作用最为明显，而铝、锌等离子减慢了红磷的氧化速度，银离子对减少红磷的吸湿性效果最好。

Furthermore, it was discussed for the method of normalization by AVS in predicting chemical activity and bioavailability of divalent metal.

探讨了应用AVS归一化沉积物中二价有毒金属评价其化学活性和生物可用性的可能性。

Since most of the large molecules containing phosphorus element have double bonds, it is necessary to consider the special structures of double bonds in order to deal with these large systems more accurately. So, based on density functional theory and electronegativity equalization principle, applying a general atom-bond electronegativity equalization method , using separated program, through regression and least-squares optimization , the parameters of atoms and bonds in molecules are determined . By these parameters , the charge distributions and the energy of some molecules containing phosphorus element, especial the fragment of DNA, RNA, are calculated . The results are quite good.

由于这些含磷生物大分子体系都含有双键，为了明确的处理双键，进而更准确的解释带有双键和共轭双键的含磷生物大分子结构与性质的关系，我们以密度泛函理论~([1-4])和电负性均衡原理~([5-9])为基础，应用和开发原子-键电负性均衡方法中的σπ模型，利用最小二乘法，拟合确定了一些分子（含碳、氮、氧、氢以及磷等原子）的各种类型原子及化学键区域的参数，并利用上述参数计算了一些多聚核苷酸的电荷分布以及分子的总能量，进行了讨论，得到的结果可以和从头算相媲美。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。