应用化学

These included an image analysis system to assess the facial mobility of people who are suffering from paralysing diseases or have had surgery on the face; a "text mining" tool to extract chemical information from the world's scientific literature; an educational venture, called Big Bang in a Box, to sell images of high-energy particle collisions at Cern's new atom smasher; and a lightweight material stronger than steel, for use in body armour and the aerospace industry.

其中包括：一套图像分析系统，用于评估罹患了麻痹性疾病者或面部曾动过外科手术者的面部灵活性；"文本采掘"工具，用于提取全球科学文献中的化学信息；创建一家名为"盒中的大爆炸"的教育企业，出售欧洲粒子物理实验室新粒子加速器中高能粒子碰撞的图像；以及一种轻质材料，强度高于钢，应用于防弹衣及航空航天工业。

The effects of chemical states on Auger line shapes and the effective and applicable ranges are discussed here.

讨论了化学成分对AES线型的影响及线型分析技术的有效性和应用范围

The lesion, the changes of activity of cholinesterase and acid phosphatase of motor neurons in lateral nucleus of spinal cord anterior horn, the function of axoplasm transportation and nerve conduction, the regeneration of axons and myelin sheath, and the recovery of sciatic nerve function were examined at 7, 14, 30 and 90 days intervals after operation, using Nissl and enzyme histochemistry staining, electrophysiological technique, hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase retrograde trace method, axon image analysis, and measurement of sciatic function index. The spinal cord anterior horn of injury side was compared to the correspondence region of spinal cord.

分别于术后7、14、30和90d应用酶组织化学方法、电生理方法、HRP （hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase）逆行示踪方法、轴突图象分析方法以及坐骨神经功能指数（sciatic nerve function index，SFI）测量等方法检测坐骨神经损伤后对应脊髓神经元的存活率、神经元胞体酶系变化、损伤神经在轴浆运输、电传导以及轴突、髓鞘再生等方面的恢复情况，探索外周神经损伤后OECs及几丁质对神经元的保护作用以及对新生神经功能恢复的作用，为外周神经损伤的治疗提供新的理论基础。

Based on the previous work of our laboratory, three types of azide derivativeswere prepared from natural carbohydrates.

这部分工作拓展了碳水化合物化学在含糖高聚物研究方面的应用。

The control volume integration was applied to deduce the discrete expressions of the convection-diffusion equations. The staggered grid and SIMPLE algorithm were introduced to deal with coupling between pressure and velocity, and then the numerical computation expressions of such variables as fluid flow velocity and pressure were deduced. Using the backward difference method and incremental theory to discretize the governing equations for fields of chemical reaction, material structure and chemorheology, the numerical computation expressions of variables such as the monomer conversion, average molecular weight and fluid viscosity were constructed.

应用控制容积积分法导出了对流—扩散方程的离散表达式，引入交错网格技术与SIMPLE算法，实现了耦合的压力场与速度场的分离式求解，推导得到了流体的流动速度、压力等物理量的数值计算式；采用向后差分方法和增量方法，实现了化学反应场、材料结构场、化学流变场控制方程的离散，获得了反应转化率、聚合物平均相对分子质量、流体黏度等物理量的数值计算式。

After nearly two decades of continuous development has been in environmental science, microbiology, immunology, bacteriology, biochemistry and clinical testing areas such as widely used.

经过近二十年的不断开发，已经在环境科学、微生物学、免疫学、细菌学、生物化学和临床检验等领域得到广泛应用。

To better understand the roles of LsrA protein in nodulation, a series of analyses of nodules using scanning electron microscopy, genetic and biochemical approaches have been carried out. Our analyses suggest that the lsrA1 nodules contain bacteroids in the invasion and establishing zone only. The lsrA gene expression is active early in the invasion zone and activated later than bacA genes. The lost of LsrA protein dramatically reduced the expression of nifA and fixK, and completely blocked the expression of the nifH gene for nitrogenase. LsrA protein functions early in the bacteroid development and it is essential for the development nitrogen fixing bacteroids.

前期的工作中，苜蓿中华根瘤菌Rm1021中90个候选LysR基因已经被定向插入突变，并筛选在自生生长时期、共生生长时期的表型，以期寻找更多在自生状态或共生固氮中有功能的LysR转录因子。1 针对前期鉴定出的共生固氮必需的lsrA基因，我们应用了一系列扫描电子显微镜技术、生物化学、分子遗传学等方法，发现lsrA基因主要在根瘤侵染区开始表达，表达时序也在侵染阶段左右，但晚于bacA基因表达；LsrA蛋白缺失后根瘤固氮区中缺乏具有固氮能力的类菌体，nifA和fixK基因的转录水平降低，nifH基因的转录被完全阻断，因此LsrA蛋白为根瘤发育所必需，是新的根瘤发育信号传导途径成员。2 通过表型筛选我们鉴定了苜蓿中华根瘤菌的oxyR基因，并研究了它的调节特性。oxyR突变后，苜蓿中华根瘤菌对过氧化氢敏感性提高，适应性降低。

The influence of characteristics of bast fiber growing and degumming strains,especially the external factors on the pulping are also summarized.

简单介绍了果胶的结构、化学组成及生物脱胶机理，详细总结了韧皮纤维酶法和发酵浸渍法脱胶制浆的研究、应用和发展情况，并对影响发酵浸渍法制浆原料和脱胶菌株的特性，特别是脱胶过程中主要外界因子进行了综述。

The structure,composition of pectin and the mechanism of bio-degumming are briefly introduced in this paper,the application,research progress of enzymatic degumming and retting for bast fiber s pulping are particularly summarized.

简单介绍了果胶的结构、化学组成及生物脱胶机理，详细总结了韧皮纤维酶法和发酵浸渍法脱胶制浆的研究、应用和发展情况，并对影响发酵浸渍法制浆原料和脱胶菌株的特性，特别是脱胶过程中主要外界因子进行了综述。

Benzene is one of wildly used chemicals.

苯是一种应用广泛的化学物质。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。