应用函数

In section four,we carry out two application stu-dies of using the dichotomously scoted IRT models to pol-ychotomous scored test data by means of dichotomizingpolychotomously scoted test data proposed in section two.

本文第四节用IRT对多级评分测验作了两项应用研究，对数学测验我们进行了项目分析，考察了该测验的信息函数，并对该测验的几种评分方法进行了比较分析。

For the models by MMFI is a nonlinear differential equation with variable coefficients and the 'nonlinearity' brings discommodiousness to analyse the nature and quantification of a control system, it applies brim linearization method to better MMFI. By transforming 'triangle wave' membership functions of the base elements into 'rectangle wave' membership functions, we get three models which represent different aspect respectively. By simulating second order system and analysing the errors of the results, a conclusion is drawn, that is, the model obtained by brim linearization method has a good precision in contrast with the real model.

由于模糊推理建模法得到的模型是变系数非线性微分方程，这种&非线性&对该控制系统的某些定性或定量分析带来不便，因此应用边缘线性化方法对模糊推理建模法进行改进，将基元的隶属函数由&三角波&改成&矩形波&，从而得到了三个模型，这三个模型各有侧重，通过对二阶系统进行仿真，分析仿真结果，从而给出了关于边缘线性化方法的结论，即由边缘线性化方法得到的系统模型对该系统的真实模型有较高的逼近精度。

Enhydra contains a visible modeling tool, a workflow execution service as well as a set of client application interfaces.

Enhydra包含一个可视化建模工具，一个工作流执行服务以及一套客户端应用开发接口函数。

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

Concetrating on turbulent transfer of evaporating liquid film in short-path distillator under high vacuum, applying probability density function model, two dimension mathmatics models had been build and simulated with a computational fluid dynamics software in the wiped turbulent evaporating liquid film fow.

以短程蒸馏在高真空条件下的湍流传递为研究对象，应用概率密度函数模型的基本理论，对蒸发器上液膜的湍流流场进行了二维两相流数学建模，并利用FLUENT流体力学计算软件进行模拟。

According to principle of transport phenomens and reaction engneering the mathematical model of water gas gasifier is established.

介绍了利用基于传递现象和反应工程的理论建立起的水煤气炉数学模型，在计算机上进行了模拟数值计算，得出了操作参数之间的关系，再以气化效率为目标函数，进行寻优得出了水煤气炉优化的循环操作时间，并介绍了在工业生产装置上实际应用的效

The final part of this research is to propose a new concept of "geothermometer," which is based on the modeling of the kinetic reactions, and it may become a powerful tool to find out the possible temperature and time conditions of many geological processes.

本研究最后一部分工作是利用蒸发岩矿物热分解反应之主导曲线，提出「动力学反应地质温度计」之概念，此概念说明动力学模型除了可预测各种反应函数的连续变化以外，更可能可以进一步应用於地质研究中，用来推定温度与时间条件。

Because the genetic algorithm is a global stochastic searching method, and even if the defined fitness function is indifferential or uncontinuous, it is also possible to obtain the global optimal solution with a considerable probability. Thus there will be widely practical application in the engineering field.

由于遗传算法是一种全局随机搜索方法，即使定义的适应性函数不可导或不连续，它也可能以很大的概率求得全局最优解，因而在工程领域中将有十分广泛的实际应用前景。

In the process of optimization design using ANSYS, the Optimized circulation may be intermitted because of some problems in modeling, Meshing, selecting design variables, state variables and objective functions, and optimized method.

应用ANSYS软件进行优化设计过程中，从几何建模、网格剖分到选择设计变量、状态变量、目标函数和优化算法，都可能会出现问题甚至导致循环中断。

He lit upon the law of entropy, and fitted it to history to prove that human energy was being constantly and irrecoverably dissipated

他把热力学函数定律拿来应用到历史上，证明人类在不断地无可挽回地浪费他们的精力。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。