应变

Influence of X-rays in Vacuum Interrupter on Human Health

它是利用X射线穿透金属晶格时发生衍射的原理，测量金属材料或构件的表面层由于晶格间距变化所产生的应变，从而算出应力的一种实验方法。

Secondly, Dynamic and quasi-static state mechanical properties experiments of hardened 45 steel and Fe-36Ni invar alloy are performed by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar and electronic universal testing machine, the dynamic mechanical properties under high temperatures and high strain rates are obtained.

其次，采用分离式霍普金森压和电子万能试验机进行了淬硬45钢和Fe-36Ni因瓦合金的动态和准静态力学性能试验，得到了它们在高温和高应变率下的动态力学性能。

Numerical simulation is carried out by finite element inverse approach. The initial blank shape and stress, strain states have been obtained. At the same time, the formability of the fender has been analyzed. The possible defects in the sheet metal forming process are estimated, and several ways are provided to prevent and control these forming defects.

本文还以汽车后翼子板为例，使用有限元逆算法模拟计算得到了其初始毛坯形状、最终构形的应力应变状态及厚度分布，并进行了板料成形性分析，预测了冲压过程中可能产生的成形缺陷，探讨了预防和控制缺陷产生的措施。

According to the load-displacement curve obtained experimentally from the double holes microshear test, the true stress-strain curve of local material was calculated by means of the inverse methodology of finite element computation.

建立这种方法的有限元模型，根据实验的载荷位移曲线，利用反向有限元计算方法得到局部材料的真应力应变曲线。

The results of numerically inverse Laplace transform are used to analyze the influences of boundary condition of tunnel and transversely isotropic property of soil on the stress,displacement and pore pressure.

由于隧道横断面尺寸远小于其纵向长度，因此，可以简化为平面应变问题进行求解。如果隧道埋深大于其半径的10倍时，这种类型的隧道可以假设为深埋隧道[1]。

The correlative coefficients of linear regression function for isochronous stress-strain curve are all higher than 0.92, and the ratio of long-term strength to instantaneous strength reaches 94.39%, which indicate that the whole creep of fine sandstone specimen is weak.

应力－应变等时曲线线性回归函数的相关系数均高于0.92，长期强度与瞬时强度之比达94.39%，证明细砂岩试样的整体蠕变特性不强。

Moreover, visualization of velocity field can be carried out, distributions of stress field and strain field etc.can be expressed with isogram.

此外，还可用该方法实现三维有限元模拟的速度场以及应力和应变等场变量等值线图的可视化。

In this paper, based on piezoelectric ceramic, composite and experimental mechanics theories, a kind of 1-3 orthogonal anisotropic PCM sensor is developed, and the sensing principle is analyzed to describe sensor behaviors. In order to determine strain and stress on isotropic or orthogonal anisotropic component surface, the relationships between strain and stress are established. The experimental research on 1-3 OAPCM sensor is carried out in uniaxial and biaxial stress states.

本文在压电材料基本理论、复合材料设计方法和实验力学的基础上，构造了一种1-3型正交异性压电复合材料传感元件，探讨了它的传感原理，推导了该种元件的传感方程和用于各向同性材料／正交各向异性材料构件表面测量的应力－应变关系，并在单向和双向应力状态下，进行了实验研究。

Four-node degenerated shell element and rigid shell element are used in our FEM model.Updated Lagrange formulation and rate form constitutive equation are adopted to solve the problem of large strain and large rotation in sheet forming process.Sheet metal material property is described by plastic anisotropy yielding model and isotropic hardening model.Master surface-slave surface contact model is used to define the contact between tools and blank.Contact constraints are enforced with a kinematic algorithm and friction stress is computed by Coulomb friction law.Dynamic relaxation method is used to treat springback after forming stroke.

四结点蜕化壳单元和刚体壳单元分别用来建立板和模具的有限元模型；更新Lagrange法和速率型本构关系被用来处理板料变形中的大应变和大转动；材料模型采用塑性各向异性屈服与等向强化模型；通过主从面模型定义板料和模具的接触，接触算法采用运动约束法，摩擦力用库仓定律计算；并利用动力松弛法对回弹过程进行了计算。

In the paper, the relation between stress and strain of transverse isotropic material and isotropic material is deduced.

用对张量函数求导的方法导出了横观各向同性材料和各向同性材料的应力应变关系式的一般形式。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。