应变

The kinematically admissible velocity fields of the web, head and base of rail are determined, respectively, and the corresponding strain rate fields and the intensity of shear strain rate are also obtained. Then the plastic deformation power, the friction powers and the powers consumed on the velocity discontinuity surface are obtained.

然后分别给出了轨腰、轨头及轨底的运动学许可速度场以及相应的应变速度场和剪应变速度强度，并求出了相应变形区的塑性变形功率、速度间断面上消耗的功率以及由于摩擦产生的摩擦功率。

The test results showed that: Young Modulus of undisturbed Kitan clay is much bigger than that of reconstituted one under the same stress level; Young Modulus of the same clay under high strain rate is bigger than that of small strain rate; Undisturbed Kitan clay showed perfect linear elastic property within small strain smaller than 0.01

试验结果显示：在相同应力水平条件下，未扰动Kitan粘土的杨氏模量大于重塑土；对于同一种粘土，在应变率大的情况下，它的杨氏模量同样大；在应变小于0.01%时，未扰动Kitan粘土呈线弹性。

Taking the low-strain dynamic testing curves of rotary drilling cast-in-place piles for the Shuiyang River Bridge as example,this paper analyzed the effects of pile head laitance and pile shaft belly on the low strain dynamic testing curves.

本文以水阳江特大桥的旋挖钻孔灌注桩低应变检测为例，分析了桩头浮浆及桩身扩径对低应变检测曲线的影响。

This system adopts unique patent "the integral orbit weighing system",(patent number: 03277805.8) whose steel frame can be placed levelly on the crushed stones way or railroad to weigh various large calculating equipments, and can weigh the size of top dynamic loading, passing microcomputer to figure out data, and data store, statistics, net-connecting and auto printing.

采用独特专利&一体化称量轨&，（专利号：03277805.8），利用剪切应变取代正压应变，衡区采用钢制框架线路，钢制框架平放在碎石道床上，安装在铁路线上，对铁路各种货车进行动态连挂称重的大型计量设备，它能准确地检测到称重轨上动态载荷的大小，通过微机，计算出各种等数据，并可完成数据自动储存显示、统计、联网、打印等多项功能。

X-ray thin film method and its derivative techniques have lots of superiorities: larger irradiated surface area, higher diffracted intensities, better monochromic and parallel X-ray beam, higher resolution, and easier operation procedure.

In或Al含量的增加，将使立方相InGaN(002)和{113}衍射峰宽化，使六角相InGaN和AlGaN、立方相InGaN外延层垂直方向和水平方向的均匀应变增加，固溶体晶粒尺寸细化，非均匀应变增加。

However, how to describe uniformly the non-proportionally multiaxial ratcheting and strain-controlled cyclic behavior is still a challenge.

但是，建立能统一描述材料的非比例应变循环、应力循环以及应力和应变组合的循环加载及其历史的本构模型仍是一个很大的挑战。

Based on the experimental results and analysis, new contributions given in this paper is as follows:(1) the new approximate formula developed in ref [7] for △ε of continuous and noncontinuous strain hardening materials from tensile properties under various R.

实验与计算结果及分析讨论表明：用新提出的Δε模型和近似公式，可以估算不同应力比条件下连续应变硬化和非连续应变硬化材料切口根部的Δε，但是，超载作用后，Δε应近似按弹性应力循环计算；首次给出了铝合金板材和低合金高强度钢FCI超载效应的定量表达式。

Maximum shear stress may be transfered into maximum shear strain by simple cyclic constitutive relation for low-cycle fatigue of controlling strain. Manson-Coffin type equation is derived by considering effect of nonproportional additional hardening.

对于应变控制的低周疲劳，最大剪应力参量通过简单的循环本构关系转换为最大剪应变参量，由此导出了Manson—Coffin型的公式，考虑了非比例循环附加强化对低周疲劳寿命的影响。

Starting with the crystal optics theory, the phase change, generated by photoelastic effect, is derived.

详细研究了相位调制型波导传感器的传感机理，分析了应力应变效应和温度应变效应引起的相位变化机理。

A mean strain or prestrain, as in Fig. 83, can under certain conditions reduce the subsequent fatigue life.

一个如图83所示的平均应变或预应变，在某种情况下，能够缩短以后的疲劳寿命。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。