应变

The elements of optical waveguide strain-stress measurement and fiber bragg grating strain-stress measurement system based on wavelength division multiplexing and spatial division multiplexing are emphatically discussed; the displacement regularity of stress field induced by roadway group excavating and short wall mining process is analyzed in detail; the concept of roadway "equivalent radius","correcting coefficient of coal and rock mass mechanical parameters",and "mining affecting coefficient" is put forward; the calculation method of "equivalent radius", the method of inversion of "correcting coefficient of coal and rock mass mechanical parameters", and the "mining affecting coefficient" determination method with the field measurement results and so on are provided.

重点研究了光波导应力应变测量原理，以及基于波分复用和空分复用技术基础上的布拉格光纤光栅应力应变测量体系；详细分析了近距离巷道群开掘工作和短壁体系回采工作诱发的应力场的重新分布规律；提出了巷道"当量半径"、"煤岩体力学参数修正系数"、"采动影响系数"等概念；给出了"当量半径"的计算方法、"煤岩体力学参数修正系数"的反分析求算方法、以及通过现

To the crack in the rail surface, the effect of longitudinal location on the distribution of the elastic-plastic stress and strain in the railhead is calculated. The maximum stress around the crack in the rail surface over the yield stress and the steel around the crack has plastic strain.

对于条纹状钢轨表面缺陷，主要计算了不同横截面位置条纹状钢轨表面缺陷对轨头内弹塑性应力场和应变场的影响，条纹状钢轨表面缺陷的存在使其周围最大等效应力超过了钢轨材料屈服极限，导致该位置钢轨发生了塑性应变。

Studyed the analytical model of buried pipeline and suspending pipeline, introduced a factor about the redistribution of deflection and moment of suspending pipeline, rasied a analytical model between deflection and moment, showed that the deflection

3分析管道裂纹形式和种类，探讨脆性断裂和延性断裂失效判据及其适用条件，对裂纹扩展进行应力-应变场分析，建立了适合本研究课题的应力-应变场模型。

When Sinlaku hit Taiwan during September 12-15, 2008, the extremely torrential rain made Hou-Fong Bridge, located in downstream of Shi-Gang Dam, broken at around 6:50 p.m. on September 14, 2008. In this study, the case was applied to investigate the factors which resulted in the typhoon flood scour disaster and the disaster prevention mechanism, including the general scour of upstream and downstream river banks, the riverhead erosion and constriction scour, the free fall of broad-crested weir effect caused by water-pipe protection engineering, the disaster prevention and response of the bridge care and management unit, and the examination, timing and procedure of bridge block.

中文摘要本研究系以97年9月12日至15日强烈台风辛乐克侵袭台湾期间，所降下的超大豪雨造成位在大甲溪石冈坝下游后丰大桥於9月14日下午6点50分左右发生断桥事件为例，探讨台洪冲刷灾害成因与防灾应变机制，包含上下游河道之一般冲刷、河道向源侵蚀与束缩冲刷及位於桥梁上游约20公尺处之自来水干管保护工所产生宽顶堰跌水效应等影响，并检讨桥梁养护管理单位於断桥发生前防灾应变处置方式及台洪期间之巡查检测、封桥时机与封桥作业流程等等相关因应作为。

The strain concentrated at two sides of the sacroiliac joints, and it was very small.

应变集中在两侧骶髂关节，绝对值很小，前方的耻骨联合处应变极小，可忽略不计。

Empirical expressions of the total longitudinal strain and the secant modulus are given.

给出了纵向总应变、割线模量的经验公式，及其第二阶段总应变增长率、割线模量衰减率分别与疲劳寿命的经验公式。

The stress amplitude and aging time of single serration varies with temperature, strain rate and strain, which tend to be in accordance with the dynamic strain aging theory.

单个锯齿的应力幅度和时效时间随温度、应变速率和应变量的变化基本符合动态应变时效的理论。

Form the result of this study, it is found that the threshold shearing strain increases with admixed od cement.

现地土壤和水泥改良土的动态剪力模数随著剪应变的增加而减少，阻尼比随著剪应变的增加而增加。

So this model can simulate all kinds of properties of concrete after loading, such as nonlinear stress-strain relationship for concrete, stiffness phenomenon under cycle load, phenomenon compression and expansion for concrete with shearing, strain soften phenomenon while beyond strength limit. Furthermore because the best merit of this model is simple in expression, model parameters are determined more easily and application is convenient easily.

可以模拟混凝土受力后的各种特性，如混凝土的非线性应力—应变关系，循环荷载作用下的刚度退化现象，剪力引起的混凝土的压缩和膨胀现象和超过强度极限的应变软化现象等，且这种模型的最大优点是表达形式简单，模型参数比较容易确定，便于应用。

By comparing the landslide displacement and the shearing strain increment under different water level condition, discovered that along with the rising water level, the displacement and the shearing strain increment of Taping landslide are obviously increased, it is show that the landslide has the obvious response to the storage, the water rise cause the stability of landslide present the reduction tendency.

通过不同水位状态下滑坡位移和剪应变增量的分析，发现，随着水位的上升，塔坪滑坡的位移及剪应变增量都明显增大，说明滑坡对蓄水有明显的响应，水位上升使滑坡的稳定性有降低的趋势。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。